5 Best Ways to Relax When You Lack Time for Rest

Let’s face it – college life is taxing. Constant assignments, professors who all tend to think that their particular courses are more important than all the others and don’t care if you have time to deal with your workload, unforeseen events that may have disastrous consequences†¦ Amidst all this chaos it is sometimes impossible to find time to rest between especially strenuous tasks – but it is well known that a human being cannot do without rest. Even if you are seemingly effective and manage to do more than other people in a single day, completely getting rid of rest will, in the long run, not be effective at all. Nervous breakdowns are a real thing, and you don’t want to end up suffering from them. So what can you do if you need to relax but cannot afford to spend time on it? Find a balance between concentrating on one thing and dealing with multiple tasks. Some people find periodical switching between assignments to be refreshing (the less they have to do with each other, the better) and say that when you can’t afford to rest this is the next best thing. Others, however, have difficulties with moving their attention from thing to another and say that they spend too much time trying to refocus. Find out to which group you belong and behave accordingly. Have a little exercise. Even if you are up to your neck in work, make sure to find some time every now and then to strain your body. Sitting in front of your computer all day round will not do you a lot of good in the long run, and the level of effectiveness in your work will lower as well, so switching to purely physical activity from time to time is very beneficial. How much exercise should you have? It depends on you. For someone it will be enough to have a dozen pushups, someone will find it refreshing to go for a little jog – suit yourself. Master the art of napping. Studies say that a short nap (15-45 minutes) can work wonders for your energy levels if you do it right. You may even decrease your overall need for sleep: some scientists say that two phases of sleep (4-5 at night and a nap during a day) can work just as well if not better than your basic 8-hour sleep. Use your favorite music. Put on your earphones, sit down, close your eyes and sit for 15 minutes trying to relax your body and thinking about something pleasant. Yoga. Nobody expects you to master its philosophical subtext, but learning a few simple techniques may be very useful – it is a well-known way of quickly restoring your mental and physical energy.

Herbert Hoover, One of the Worst Presidents in American...

Because of the plague known as the Great Depression, Herbert Hoover is often seen as one of the worst presidents in American history. He enacted policies such as the Hawley-Smoot Tariff that flushed America deeper into the depression. Hoover didnt understand that to solve a crisis such as a depression, he needed to interact directly with the people by using programs such as social security and welfare. Instead, Hoover had the idea that if he were to let the depression run its course, it would eventually end. There are three things that can be used to define Hoovers presidency during the depression, his actions, his mentality toward fixing things, and the fact that he helped pave the way for the â€Å"New Deal† One main cause of the†¦show more content†¦Herbert Hoover had a belief that self-reliance and hard work in industry is what makes America great, unfortunately for Herbert Hoover, this is exactly what got America into the Depression. When Hoover enacted Hawley-Sm oot Tariff, he basically isolated the U.S. because no country wanted to pay the high tariff rate. Since America was left alone to suffer, Hoover decided that it would benefit the people if he enacted laws like the Federal Home Loan Bank Act. This act was meant to lower mortgage rates and help farmers refinance their farms, but since the depression was already in full swing, it was again too little too late. Herbert Hoover at one point fully believed that if the depression was virtually left alone, it would fix itself because of the boom and bust economy. This also didnt work, because without government help, the people didnt know what to do with themselves and were left to suffer the depression by themselves. Hoovers attitude was changing from optimistic to desperate because nothing that he tried seemed to work. It seems as though Hoover was afraid of what he had done to America when a group of World War I veterans, known as the Bonus Army, came marching in Washington looking for th e bonuses they were promised. The bonus wasnt due until the 1940s, but with the uncertainty of the economy, they wanted to get what they could, whileShow MoreRelatedThe Herbert Hoover : The First President Born West Of The Mississippi River1291 Words   |  6 Pages HERBERT HOOVER Manav Verma US 1 Academic February 10, 2016 Knapp ` Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, and was the first president born west of the Mississippi River. He was academically successful and strived to be the best. He was a great candidate but his presidency was a failed one. The Great Depression is mostly to blame, as Hoover worked hard to get to his position and then watched his hard work leave as he lost the chance to be reelected. HooverRead MoreThe Great Depression and President Herbert Hoover783 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst president, Herbert Hoover greatly impacted the lives of many Americans. It has been stated that the stalk market crash was to blame for the greatest economic downturn in American; however, Ex-President Hoover made critical mistakes during the depression that he would be blamed for the rest of his life. The Great Depression began in 1929, 7 months after the Ex-President’s election. (Insert cite) Instead of â€Å"using the power of the federal government to squarely address it† (I C), Hoover vetoedRead MoreTaking a look at the Great Depression 795 Words   |  3 Pages Great Depression The great depression was one of the worst disasters that occurred in U.S history. October 29, 1929, is the day the stock market crashed, and that day was the beginning of The â€Å"Great Depression†. Many US citizens suffered through this depression, children couldn’t go to school because their parents couldn’t afford to buy school supplies, and children had to work at a young age. Families lost their homes to the bank and they were forced to create homes out of driftwoodRead MoreGreat Depression Essay examples1427 Words   |  6 Pagesall the American people. It was a time of unemployment, falling wages, and hope for recovery (â€Å"Chapter 27†). Some of the causes of the Great Depression were government policies, economic factors, and the gold standard (â€Å"Chapter 27†). Other reasons included the fall of the stock market, overseas investments, and the investments in Florida real estate (Farless). The president at the time of th is difficult time was President Herbert Hoover. When the Great Depression started, Herbert Hoover took mattersRead MorePresident Hoover And Franklin Roosevelt1980 Words   |  8 PagesWhen President Hoover entered office in 1929, stock market prices were at all time highs and the American economy prospered. Suddenly, in October of 1929, the stock market crashed and thousands of Americans lost their entire life savings. The crash sparked the most horrific and devastating economic crisis of all time. In the tedious years to follow, records suggest that stock prices fell â€Å"about 80% from their highs in the late 1920s† (Stock Market Crash). Soon after Black Tuesday, the UnitedRead MoreThe Legacy Of The United States925 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected social and cultural aspects of the American life. In times of such crisis, the public can only look for a savior. America looked to their leaders to save them. The leader at the time was Hebert Hoover. He would have to save the country from its downfall. There were two presidents in Depression Era United States. One that had inherited the country in a seemingly prosperous time and the other credited with its recovery. Hoover has a place in history known for his failures at bringing the countryRead MoreHoover And Roosevelt s Actions During The Aftermath Of The Crash Of 1929792 Words   |  4 PagesPavithra Bandanadham History 212 May 8th, 2015 History Second Exam Compare and contrast Hoover and Roosevelt’s actions in the aftermath of the Crash of 1929. How did both administrations attempt to deal with the economic stagnation, social hardship and psychological impact of the depression? What needed to be fixed and which approach proved more successful? In your essay you should address not only the underlying economic and social problems that both administrations had to deal with and the variousRead MoreThe Great Depression : President s Franklin Roosevelt And Herbert Hoover1033 Words   |  5 PagesM†Lynne McMillan Morgan Ricks History 2223 31 March 2015 The Great Depression President s Franklin Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover were both faced with the challenge of the Great Depression, and if the were here today I feel they would each deal with the healthcare issue in America in different ways. Each president handled this massive challenge in very different ways. Today, a lot of controversy is on our nation’s health care, and the Obamacare Act. In my opinion, Roosevelt would more than likelyRead MoreAmericas Great Depression1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Depression is probably one of the most misunderstood events in American history. It is routinely cited, as proof that unregulated capitalism is not the best in the world, and that only a massive welfare state, huge amounts of economic regulation, and other Interventions can save capitalism from itself. Among the many myths surrounding the Great Depression are that Herbert Hoover was a laissez faire president and that FDR brought us out of the depression. What caused the Great DepressionRead Mo re The Great Depression in America Essay examples840 Words   |  4 Pagesdropped out of the stock market sending the American economy toward its worst downfall in history. The Great Depression was not only responsible for a dramatic change in the structure of American politics, but also for a change in Americans’ expectations about government. The Depression affected all Americans, rich or poor, and was responsible for ushering numerous social problems into the lives of citizens. Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928. Prior to his election, during his

Explore How the Character of Prospero Develops in the...

Prospero is the most central character in Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’. The play revolves around his personal task to regain his dukedom, which his brother Antonio usurped from him. Throughout the play it is shown how Prospero develops and changes as a character and seems a different person to the character we first meet in Act One Scene Two. How Prospero’s character develops happens in a variety of ways, one of the most potent ways appearing to be the treatment of the other characters within the play. Prospero’s character is introduced into the play in Act One Scene Two, after the tempest has shipwrecked Antonio and Alonso’s ship. We firstly come to realise that Prospero and Miranda are looking down upon the tempest and so the†¦show more content†¦It is easy to see this by the way that Prospero speaks to him using sub-human terms such as â€Å"Thou poisonous slave†(4) and him being called a â€Å"fish†(5). Yet as Prospero’s character develops, he appears to become less vengeful. Caliban as a sub (or non) human has no rights at all. Furthermore, he was part of a murder plot to kill Prospero so it would not be unusual for the audience to expect Prospero to use his power to get rid of Caliban. Yet in the final act of the scene of the play, Caliban says: â€Å"Ay, that I will; and I’ll be wise hereafter And seek for grace.† (6) Caliban here repents and agrees to seek grace and is simply allowed to go and live on the Island. This does not mirror the actions of Prospero at the beginning and throughout the play. He seems to play the role of the cruel sorcerer using his powers to gain control over people and scare them. Yet his action towards Caliban in Act Five seems unlike the character that he has been throughout the play. How he treats Caliban does mirror how he is treats the rest of the characters in the final scene. He does not seem to punish any of the characters, even his brother Antonio. It appears to me that once he has completed the task he wanted to complete and so is able to become Duke of Milan once again he is a more compassionate person. He lets the other characters go free from their punishments. The only characters who seem to be punished are Trinculo and Stephano but they are

Police Conduct A Search And Seizure At A Public School...

ISSUES 1. Can police conduct a search and seizure at a public school initiated by school officials? 2. Do police have authority to use a search warrant as grounds to enter and search for activity on tribal property? 3. Will evidence found outside the parameters of a warrant be admissible? 4. Are illegal substances permitted for religious Indian ceremonies? 5. Is there recovery for damages against police and prosecuting attorney for the irreplaceable destruction of religious artifacts during an illegal search on tribal property? BRIEF ANSWERS 1. Yes. The search must be reasonable according to New Jersey v TLO. 2. Yes. Since the act happened off-reservation, the state may conduct an investigation on tribal property. 3. Yes. Congress gave Indians this privilege after the Supreme Court case Employment Division v Smith. 4. Yes. Damages can be filed for in a civil suit. FACTS Songaa Weathers is a member of the Chippewa Indian tribe, residing on tribal reservation land in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. Songaa is a student at Mt. Pleasant High. On September 11th, 2015, her classroom was searched by a drug-sniffing dog and its handler. Everyone, including the teacher, was demanded to leave the room without taking any belongings, despite having asked to remain in the room. The search was conducted behind a closed door and pulled blinds. After the search, Songaa was pointed out in front of her peers as the owner of the seized bag. Songaa claimed the bag was not hers, and proceeded toShow MoreRelatedLabeling, Law, and Americas Drug Policy Essay3279 Words   |  14 Pagesstopped and searched by police during the investigation of a crime in the college town of Oneonta, NY. An elderly white woman was assaulted at knifepoint near the State University of New York College at Oneonta (SUCO) campus. The women described her assailant as an African American male who ma y have accidentally cut his hand during the attack. The police together with SUCO security guards obtained a list of all African-American male students at the college. The State police, SUCO security, and localRead MoreDrug Trafficking And The United States10785 Words   |  44 Pagescomplex. Although the government and non-government bodies have set important laws to exclude the practice, drug trafficking has been a disturbing problem for many years. Many people who venture into this dangerous and prohibited business do it in search for money. It has been a belief that drug trafficking gives people a lot of money. As a result, people are ready to take the risk and get into the business in trying to better their future. The punishments for drug trafficking vary from one continentRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Trafficking10787 Words   |  44 Pagescomplex. Although the government and non-government bodies have set important laws to exclude the practice, drug trafficking has been a d isturbing problem for many years. Many people who venture into this dangerous and prohibited business do it in search for money. It has been a belief that drug trafficking gives people a lot of money. As a result, people are ready to take the risk and get into the business in trying to better their future. The punishments for drug trafficking vary from one continentRead MoreEthics of Information Communication Technology (Ict)27618 Words   |  111 PagesCyber systems across the globe have many different rules governing the behaviour of users. Users are completely free to join or leave any system whose rules they find comfortable or uncomfortable. This flexibility may at times lead to improper user conduct. Also, in the absence of any suitable legal framework, it may be difficult for System Administrators to check on frauds, vandalism or other abuses, which may cause the lives of many online users to be miserable. This situation is alarming becauseRead MoreSSD2 Module 4 Notes Essay2 8478 Words   |  114 Pagesand grievances can make working with locals a very tricky business. This is especially true since disagreements are usually the last thing anybody wants to talk about to outsiders. Particularly in cultures, which place a high value on saving face or public honor, people may not want to say anything that could be taken as disrespectful of their neighbors, even though they may have big problems with them. For this reason, it is desirable when possible to talk to locals out of earshot of others so theyRead MoreSecurity Forces51988 Words   |  208 Pageswe operate as an organization to become more effective in daily operations would be TACON. The flight chief is the best example of TACON as they run the flight who is conducting the daily operations. They are told to conduct guardmount, but they are not told in what order they conduct their briefings or what type of information needs to be briefed every day. They also assign who gets posted at each location for the day. OPCON would be the post priority chart that tells the flight chief which postsRead MoreBanking Laws and Jurisprudence Reviewer41247 Words   |  165 Pagesenrich depositors but to earn for themselves 11. 4. Indispensable Institution †¢ Has a vital role in economic life †¢ Significance of banking institution to commercial transactions (Metropolitan Bank Trust Co. vs. Cabilzo) 5. Impressed with public interest †¢ Has public interest because people depend on the honesty and efficiency of banks †¢ Stability of banks largely depends on the confidence of the people in the honesty and efficiency of banks. 6. Degree of diligence †¢ Diligence higher than that of aRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesAct of 1988 88 Current Issues Regarding Employee Rights 90 Drug Testing 90 DID YOU KNOW?: Why Organizations Conduct Drug Tests 91 Honesty Tests 92 Whistle-Blowing 92 Employee Monitoring and Workplace Security 93 DID YOU KNOW?: By the Numbers 93 Workplace Romance 94 The Employment-at-Will Doctrine 95 Exceptions to the Doctrine 96 Contractual Relationship 96 Statutory Considerations 96 Public Policy Violation 96 Implied Employment Contract 96 Breech of Good Faith 97 PART 3 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATIONRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesoccupational groups and industries will require more educated workers in the coming years. The number of jobs requiring advanced knowledge is expected to grow at a much more rapid rate than the number of other jobs. This growth means that people without high school diplomas or appropriate college degrees increasingly will be at a disadvantage, as their employment opportunities are confined to the lowest-paying service jobs. In short, there is a growing gap between the knowledge and skills required by many jobs

Financial Problems Free Essays

Having the ability to pay monthly bills can be a challenge for some people. There are can be many solutions to this problem. One should evaluate the monthly bills to determine what is necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consolidating credit debt may help. If all else fails try consulting a financial advisor. These steps are just a few steps that one may take in the steps to financial stability. One step that many find easy is evaluation of bills. Evaluating ones monthly bills could help lower that person’s monthly debt. The debtor should begin by writing down all monthly bills. He or she should evaluate what bills are necessary and which ones are not. Once that person has defined the bills by status, he or she needs to compare what each non necessity items can be removed. For example, if you have a cell phone with unlimited minutes do you need a house phone with all the amenities? If a person has internet access at home does he need mobile access for his laptops? Once the person has answered these questions he should then cancel any unnecessary bills. This person may utilize the internet and comparison shop for monthly rates on things deemed necessary. One may also interview neighbors and relatives to compare their similar service bills. This evaluation process should have great potential to a person with high number of bills. This may not help as much with a person who has a large amount of credit bills. A person with a large amount of credit bills may consider debt consolidation. Debt consolidation would consolidate credit card and finance bills into to one monthly payment. This is a loan so one must look for the best rates. Getting quotes from your bank or credit union should be your first start. Get the quotes in writing and remember to read the fine print. Look for late fees, balloon payments, and early payoff penalties. Also one may research the lending institution on BBB to verify lending practices, and maybe complaints. Networking with friends and family can also be a good source of information. One must remember that there is professional help for financial problems. A person who may have a hard time evaluating bills and may not be comfortable talking to banks may benefit from a financial advisor. A financial advisor is a professional who gives advice and financial planning services to an individual. This person may charge a fee or commission for this service. One may begin searching for an advisor through his bank or credit union. For those persons in financial stress this service is sometime offered for free. The financial advisor would evaluate your monthly income and ask you a series of questions. He or she may also set short term and long term goals for you. This will enable you to see progress clearly. This is just a simple outline of how one may concure financial burdens. This is just a simple outline of how one may conquer financial burdens. If a person can evaluate their own problems they have the majority of the problem solved. Being able to evaluate the problem would also allow a person to know the exact amount of money needed for a debt consolidation. Also knowing that you are not sure about all of your finances can inspire you to seek help from a professional that can help you understand. Understanding is the key no matter what strategy you choose. One must understand exactly what their problem is and also that they have reached a limit. Knowing what their limit is another key to financial recovery. Debt evaluation, debt consolidation, or hiring a financial advisor may be a great help to someone in financial despair. How to cite Financial Problems, Essay examples

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Censorship Example For Students

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Censorship I.Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury is a novel about the descent into super-individualism through mass governmental brainwashing. The book begins while the main character, Guy Montag, is burning a house for concealing contraband literature. It portraits the pleasure he derives from this act of mindless destruction. After this work though an eccentric neighbor girl who does not fit the status quo confronts him. She begins to ask him questions that force him to think about things he has taken for granted before. The story progresses as this girl continually influences him until a car killed her. The next time he is called to incinerate a house, he ends up taking a book and watching an old lady burn to death. This event coupled with the death of the neighbor girl influence him to seek out a book-reading professor he had met previous to this story. The professor and him begin to plot the downfall of society and the Firemen. Just when you think things are gonna work out, he is ordered to bur n his house after which he burns his boss with a flame-thrower. This makes him a fugitive from justice. He then flees from the scene and ends up evading the manhunt. After a while he meets up with other people who are fugitives because of their literary learning. The next day the city he fled from is destroyed in an atomic blast and the bums go in to help the survivors. II. a) Man against Man: The only instance in the story that fits this category is the conflict Guy has with his boss. His boss, Beatty begins to suspect Guys illegal reading of contraband and begins to take steps for Guys downfall. First of all Beatty is much smarter and well learned than Guy so he begins to play mind games to try and trip him up. He also forces Guy to burn his house and tries to arrest him. Guy comes out on top and wins the conflict by setting his boss on fire. b) Man against Himself: One good example of this type of conflict is the inner turmoil in Guy Montag. This conflict was started by his talks with the neighbor girl. She awakened a self-thinking side of him that was at odds with his brainwashed, socially acceptable side. As should be, this new side won out over his old self after he thought about it. c) Man against Society: This one is easy. The whole book is about his struggle with unknown influences that are following his movements and watching him. The society he was trying to bring down was one that encouraged individualism so those individuals would not care about the big picture. This society fueled the lack of creative thought and encouraged destructive behaviors. Guy actually did not conquer this foe himself. It was destroyed in an atomic war. III. EvaluationI would recommend this book only under certain circumstances. Such as; if you have too much time on your hands, your TV is broke and you need to fill time until the repair man get there, or if you are required to do a book report. In my opinion, there is not much substance to this book besides an attempt to strengthen the resolve of the reader to not let such a future be possible. Which let the reader be assured that this future is not possible and they should instead read the book as entertainment from the imagination of Mr. Bradbury.

Elements of Mental Status Examination Samples for Students †MyAssignm

Question: Discuss about the Elements of Mental Status Examination. Answer: Speech: Speech observations are spontaneity, rate, coherence and volume. Unclear speech can result from inaudibility or dysarthria. The kind of speech might give a guide to the associated disorders like people with depression usually speak slowly whilst those having mania might speak quickly. Mood: Mood is the internal, subjective as well as the emotional state of a patient. It might be essential to ask the patient a report of her mood over the last few days rather than asking regarding that moment. However, physicians can conduct an objective assessment by enquiring the patient to rate mood in every visit (Trzepacz, and Baker, 1993). Affect: This is the physicist's objective observation of a patients shown emotional condition. Descriptors of affect might look at the emotional range, intensity, as well as stability. Affect might or might not be congruent with a mood, like when a patient laughs when he/she talks of the recent death of a relative. Thought process: This element is used to describe the patients kind of thinking plus to characterize how the patients concepts are shown in the event of a visit. Here, psychologists can note the rate and flow of thoughts. Other descriptors are if the thoughts are circumstantial, tangential, logical, plus closely connected. However, incoherent of process of reflection is lack of coherent links between thoughts. Thought content: This element describes what a patient is thinking. It includes obsession thinking, homicidal or suicidal ideas as well as the presence/absence of delusions. In case one of these thoughts is present, details concerning the weight plus specificity must be obtained Sensorium: The examination of a persons sensorium entails the patients level plus the ability of consciousness. The fluctuation or disturbance in consciousness might show delirium. However, descriptors of the patient's extent of consciousness are somnolent, alert, comatose, clouded and lethargic Cognition: The elements of a persons cognitive status are attention, concentration, plus memory. Attention plus concentration might be assessed by asking the patient to deduct serial seven from a hundred. Also, a deeper understanding of the brain system as well as memory function has been serving to refine as well as expand the classification of the short plus long-term memory into other memory systems Insight: Insight refers to the patients awareness plus knowledge for his disease as well as the need for treatment. Evaluating ideas is essential especially in making psychiatric diagnosis as well as for accessing adherence to medication. For instance, patients in the maniac stage of bipolar might show little insight, while those with depressive episode might overemphasize issues. Perception: Perceptual disturbances like hallucinations are experienced in agreement with the environment. Hallucinations can occur in given time of stress for the patients. Other examples of perpetual disturbances include feelings of derealization or depersonalization. Motor activity and behavior: Observations of motor activity are facial expressions, the presence of dyskinesias, gestures, general body movement, posture and level of psychomotor activity (Trzepacz and Baker, 1993). Psychomotor retardation might signal negative symptoms of schizophrenia or depression. Appearance: Here, the psychologist describes a patient appearance as well as a real impression as connected by posture, clothing, and grooming. Some of the terms used to describe appearance include, healthy, poised, childlike and bizarre. Judgment: The ability to identify the impacts of actions is accessed throughout the medical status examination through asking what would you do if you came across an envelope on the sidewalk? The patient's compliance with given treatments may also serve as measure of judgment The integral theory is portrayed as the theory of matter, body, soul, and the spirit that puts together different paradigms into a network of interrelated approaches which are enriching. The theory reflects the integration of biology, psychology, theology and mysticology (Clark, 2006). Wilbers theory explores the development of human across 4 quadrants (exterior and interior collective and interior and exterior individual) and through the transpersonal, personal and pre-personal levels of consciousness. Wilber argues that human development should be understood through observable behaviors and also that integrated knowledge should be used to understand human behaviors. According to Clark (2006) the integral theory of consciousness can be of applicable to nurses who want to consider a patient in their care and complex context. Here, nurses can use the theory to access mental states of a patient including appearance and behavior. References Clark, C. S. (2006). An Integral Nursing Education: Exploration of the Wilber Quadrant Model. International Journal for Human Caring, 10(3). Trzepacz, P. T., Baker, R. W. (1993). The psychiatric mental status examination. Oxford University Press.

The poets techniques Essay Example For Students

The poets techniques Essay Choose two or three of the poems you have studied by John Donne and compare and contrast the poets treatment of the theme of love. Your analysis should include comments on the poets techniques, use of language and stanza form  John Donnes poetry, although very controversial and vastly different from most poetry of the society to which he belonged, has numerous general characteristics that are common throughout much of his work. On retrospective analysis, his poems can be chronologically arranged into 3 phases of his life At a young age, Donne wrote very aggressively, sexually and satirically, contrary to the Petrarchan trends expected of poets during this time. Later, after finding his true love, his writings consisted of passionate odes to his lover and later, Wife. As Donne became increasingly involved with the church, his poems also began to include more religious content. We will write a custom essay on The poets techniques specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Much of his later work is closely related to his relationship with God and his religious, spiritual, sexual and social beliefs. Although satire, aggression, and controversy are less common later in his life, the core of his techniques and styles remain very similar, as does his determinedly individualistic approach.  The Flea is a clear example of Donnes disregard for common poetic conventions, and arguably shows a determination to purposefully break such rules. The template Petrarchan love poem that idolises women, portraying them as Goddesses is utterly turned on its head. It could be argued that even at this early stage in his writing career, Donne had an interest in social issues and saw these love poems as nothing more than dishonest approaches to attempting to engage in sexual intercourse with a desired partner. Donnes greatly controversial views on intimate relationships could be seen as somewhat modern even by todays standards. His language throughout the poem is casual in comparison to other written works of the era and society, and his poetic methods (such as his unusual metaphors) would have been seen as very experimental and avant-garde a concept that would have been frowned upon by many poets. In the poem, the persona (possibly an echo of Donne himself, or a situation Donne had been in) tries to persuade a woman to have sexual intercourse with him by arguing that her virginity isnt as important as she thinks, using a flea as a conceit. Donne makes the poem entertaining by using the simple method of building on the fact that the sheer nature of the poem is humorous, leaving him a large margin in which he could create a believable and interesting persona. This persona makes use of Donnes poetic techniques to get his argument across. In the first stanza, the persona compares sexual intercourse to the actions of the flea biting both the persona and his lover. The comparison is made because it is explained that both of these events involve two bloods mingled. The flea is also compared to the persona (or to a more broad entity of a man in general) by suggesting that by biting the personas lover, the flea enjoyes before it wooe, therefore gaining an unfair advantage over the persona himself, who would have been expected to court this woman. He also mentions that the actions of the flea are not sins, and are not important. He says that the actions of the flea are not A sinne, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead. A lot of sexual imagery is also used, using the phrase pamperd swells ambiguously. A third conceit is made in the next stanza the persona compares the contents of the inside of the flea to places where the persona and his lover have metaphorically been married, had intercourse, and now live. This is achieved with the lines This flea is you and I, and this / Our mariage bed, and mariage temple is. This conceit is made originally to suggest that they are already married and have had intercourse in a metaphorical sense, creating a pattern of logic that suggests it would be acceptable for her to have intercourse in reality as well. .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f , .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .postImageUrl , .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f , .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f:hover , .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f:visited , .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f:active { border:0!important; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f:active , .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf62d1c9e674d253218f7832423b513f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Persuasive EssayDuring the last three lines of the stanza, the persona expands on the conceit, finding another use for it he suggests that if she killed the flea, she would be killing him, killing herself, and destroying a holy place all at the same time. From the beginning of the third stanza, the story has advanced because she has indeed decided to kill the flea. This progressive, time-based writing structure creates a feeling of energy, motion and tension in the poem. Donne creates a story effect by using the words of the persona as speech to his lover. The speech effect is used to describe events that have just happened, effectively emulating regular narration. The persona continues his argument into the third stanza, confessing that she has won the sub-argument relating to the importance of the flea, but by winning that particular argument she defeated her own original argument relating to the importance of her virginity. The poem ends with this final closing argument.

Working with Disabled Students

Issues Faced by Students whose Parents are in Jail Parents and guardians should support their students in order to achieve their academic goals. Every disabled child should also get the best attention and care from his or her parents. Students whose parents have been imprisoned will encounter numerous economic strains.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Working with Disabled Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This situation makes it impossible for such learners to get quality education and social support. The students encounter numerous health challenges. The children â€Å"also encounter difficulties whenever associating with other people because of underdeveloped social skills† (Dale, 2008, p. 29). Many children of incarcerated parents tend to have underdeveloped behaviors. They also encounter different problems whenever associating with their peers. This situation affects the lives of such stud ents. The students also experience a wide range of risks. They might copy unacceptable behaviors that eventually result in juvenile delinquency. The learners will also abuse different drugs. The â€Å"absence of positive child-parent relationships during early childhood will definitely affect the educational outcomes of such students† (Behnke, 2009, p. 62). This problem becomes complex for disabled students. Educators should consider several ethical principles whenever working with individuals with disabilities. This should be the same case for educators who support different students whose parents have been imprisoned. Teachers should respect the worth and dignity of these students. They should also â€Å"observe their rights to self-determination, confidentiality, and privacy† (Behnke, 2009, p. 63). Social workers and societies should intervene in the lives of these students. The government should use appropriate policies to strength the relationships between such st udents and their parents. This strategy will â€Å"promote the healthy development of the targeted children† (Dale, 2008, p. 72). The learners will also achieve the best academic goals.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Issues Faced by Students under the Care of Elderly Guardians Many students are usually under the care of elderly parents. Some of these elderly caretakers include parents, grandparents, and guardians. Studies show that such students encounter a wide range of challenges. To begin with, the students will lack the best support from such caretakers. This is the case because such guardians are usually physically unfit. They also â€Å"encounter coordination problems and health issues† (Christian, 2009, p. 3). Such issues make it impossible for them to support the needs of the targeted students. The learners will also lack the best emotional support from the ir caretakers. Such elderly parents do not have the required financial strength to support the targeted students. This situation will make it impossible for them to achieve their potentials. Many elderly guardians do not have the strength to empower such disabled students. This fact explains why new policies are required to support these students. The elderly face numerous problems because of their age. Such caregivers are also unable to empower these students. Many learners are using various technologies and devices in order to achieve the best educational goals. It is appropriate for such students to get the best feedbacks and ideas from their guardians. Such students will not benefit from modern technologies. The elderly do not have the time to mentor and coach these students (Christian, 2009). This gap encourages them to engage in unacceptable behaviors and practices. The individuals will start to take various drugs. The students will also lack the best care from these elderly c aregivers. Teachers should gather the right information from every stressed family. This information will make it easier for them to support the changing needs of such students (Dale, 2008). They should also develop positive relationships with these elderly caregivers. The practice will ensure every student achieves his or her academic goals. Reference List Behnke, S. (2009). Disability as an ethical issue: A law school symposium offers an opportunity for psychologists to reflect on the role of stigma within our own field. American Psychological Association, 40(6), 62-64.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Working with Disabled Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Christian, S. (2009). Children of Incarcerated Parents. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/childrenofincarceratedparents.pdf Dale, N. (2008). Working With Families of Children with Special Needs: Partnership and Practice. New York, NY: Routledge. This coursework on Working with Disabled Students was written and submitted by user Colin Taylor to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Definition of a Solid in Chemistry and Science

The Definition of a Solid in Chemistry and Science A  solid is a  state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. The constituents of a solid tend to be packed together much closer than the particles in a gas or liquid. The reason a solid has a rigid shape is that the atoms or molecules are tightly connected via chemical bonds. The bonding may produce either a regular lattice (as seen in ice, metals, and crystals) or an amorphous shape (as seen in glass or amorphous carbon).  A solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with liquids, gases, and plasma. Solid state physics and solid state chemistry are two branches of science dedicated to studying the properties and synthesis of solids. Examples of Solids The matter with a defined shape and volume is solid. There are many examples: A brickA pennyA piece of woodA chunk of aluminum metal (or any metal at room temperature except mercury)Diamond (and most other crystals) Examples of things that are not solids include liquid water, air, liquid crystals, hydrogen gas, and smoke. Classes of Solids The different types of chemical bonds that join the particles in solids exert characteristic forces that can be used to classify solids. Ionic bonds (e.g. in table salt or NaCl) are strong bonds that often result in crystalline structures that may dissociate to form ions in water. Covalent bonds (e.g., in sugar or sucrose) involve the sharing of valence electrons. Electrons in metals seem to flow because of metallic bonding. Organic compounds often contain covalent bonds and interactions between separate portions of the molecule due to van der Waals forces. Major classes of solids include: Minerals:  Minerals are natural solids formed by geological processes. A mineral has a uniform structure. Examples include diamond, salts, and mica.Metals:  Solid metals include elements (e.g., silver) and alloys (e.g., steel). Metals are typically hard, ductile, malleable, and excellent conductors of heat and electricity.Ceramics:  Ceramics are solids consisting of inorganic compounds, usually oxides. Ceramics tend to be hard, brittle, and corrosions include silicon and gallium arsenide. Nanomaterials:  Nanomaterials are tiny solid particles at the nanometer size. These solids may display very different physical and chemical properties from large-scale versions of the same materials. or example, gold nanoparticles are red and melt at a lower temperature than gold metal.Biomaterials:  These are natural materials, such as collagen and bone, that are often capable of self-assembly.

Essay Sample on Hockey as a Part National Identity in Canada

Essay Sample on Hockey as a Part National Identity in Canada Grueneau and Whitson raised the question of hockey being a part of the search for national identity in Canada. They outlined that hockey was given even greater symbolic currency in recent years being one of the few objects recognized to be truly Canadian (Grueneau, Whitson, 1993).   Hockey Night in Canada reflects an idea that hockey brings together Canadians in a common experience of the game. In this case sport does not play the only role of glorifying masculinity and appealing to humans urge of violence, it also unites Canadians in the understanding of own culture, ideological preferences and values. Taking readers through the history of ice hockey, authors try to illustrate connections of hockey history with the development of national mentality, country economy, cultural and social trends. They also present an idea that the development of hockey culture as it is now in Canada was impossible without interference of governmental institutions, economically interested parties and mass media into the process. They also express an idea that hockey obsession is a part of a search for national identity, however they somehow hint that national identity is itself a myth just like hockey passion. Gruneau and Whitson tried to look at the hockey game from the different from custom angle. For some people this game was an incarnation of the craving for victory, violence and masculinity, however, the authors give us a perspective on a game being the uniting link of Canada citizens who watch and play the game in the mutual impulse toward common national identity (Gruneau, Whitson, 1993). To further explore the links of hockey to Canadian government, politics and economics a closer look at Jim Silvers writings should be taken. Gruneau and Whitson hint in their book that the development of modern hockey would have been impossible without involvement of government and mass media (1993) and Silver gives us perfect example in support of this idea. Silver writes about the Winnipeg Jets history, their financial crisis and movement to Phoenix in 1996. At that time Winnipeg people were very much concerned with the necessity to sell the Jets and move the team to the US. They raised funds in support of favorites and supported governmental expenditures on the team (Silver, 1996). However Silver argues the idea that all population of Winnipeg supported such expenditures of public money. He himself argues the necessity of spending millions of dollars on Winnipeg Jets and claims that mass media was misrepresenting the extent of public interest in keeping the Jets at home to lead pe ople into assumption that keeping Jets is crucial for national pride and identity. Silver did not reject the fact that public was highly concerned with the issue and that keeping the Jets was important for national identity recognition, however he suggested that there are limits to how far government can go in support of national hockey team. Silvers writings intersect with Gruneau and Whitson idea of hockey being a part of governmental and economic games. He suggests that ice hockey is a great part of Canada economy and public interest in the game should be viewed as partly caused by governmental and marketers’ methods to lead people into belief that hockey is a mean to identify Canadians as nation with unique culture. Simple mathematics will take us to assumption that the higher is public interest in the game the more profitable is the hockey business for government and businessmen. Therefore sometimes mass media exaggerates the meaning of hockey to worm up public concern w ith the game. Silver also shows how hockey plays a role in political games. The supporters of saving Winnipeg Jets at any cost received greater credit from publicity, while politicians with an opposite view became the target of public abuse (Silver,1996). However as well as Gruneau and Whitson, Silver does not reject that hockey is a mean for Canadians to identify themselves as a nation, indeed he claimed that the case with Winnipeg Jets showed how powerful can people be when united with the common idea (Silver, 1996). Beardsley used the hockey theme as a prism to look at different aspects of life. His collection of hockey fiction is an evidence of how important ice hockey is to Canada’s culture. The book covers different aspects of game such as role of hockey in developing child’s personality, violence and masculinity in hockey and women participation in the game believed to be mens sport (Beardsley, 1997). Almost any story in the collection underlines the importance of the game in forming Canada’s culture and national identity. As well as Gruneau and Whitson (1993), Beardsley touches upon hockey being no more a reincarnation of desire for violence, but a mean to find the common identity as a unified nation. He also shows the path of hockey development turning this game from the violent act on the ice to the art and national pride which finds its place in the heart of any Canadian (1997). Economical driving force is also touched upon. However, dislike Gruneau and Whitson (1993 ), Beardsley does not accept the fact of hockey being Americanized as a logical outcome of economic relations, but supports the idea that Canadians should be more self confident when taking outsiders to NHL and use national spirit to repulse Americanization of hockey. He discusses opinion that foreign players have been a bad encouragement for Canadians self-esteem and shows how American entrepreneurship negatively affected the spirit of the game. However he does not reject the fact that hockey and economy are highly correlated intersecting here with the opinion of Gruneau and Whitson (Beardley, 1997, Gruneau and Whitson, 1993). Etue and Williams On the Edge: Women Making Hockey History is an insight into the world of women’s hockey. It raises important questions of discrimination when funding women’s national hockey team, media misrepresenting the facts about women’s hockey, difficulties in gaining public interest and receiving credits for the work done by women for the sake of national game (Etue, Williams, 1996). However this book is one of the best evidences of how violent game turned into the national passion resulting in uniting all Canada population despite of the sex and age for the sake of the hockey game, one of the most vivid examples of Canada’s unique culture. This book shows how sport affects the feeling of national identity which corresponds to Gruneau and Whitson’s writings. It illustrates how passionate can Canadians be about hockey, devoting their lives to this sport. Authors write about talented women playing this exciting, physically challenging game, ov ercoming the obstacles on their way to the big ice rinks for the love of national game. The book includes references to the economical impacts on hockey, however, mostly this is an ode to the strong women passionate about national game and proud of being the part of it. Along with the other books appeared to describe the level of nation’s involvement with game Hockey Players Sonnets Overtime Edition was published in 2003. This is one more piece of literature illustrating how important hockey is for the development of national identity. Gruneau and Whitson’s opinion about hockey being a myth developed by corporations finds support in Lee’s poems, but ‘the myth of boys and truth of men’ (Lee, 2003) shows that despite such myth creation there has always been a place in Canadians’ hearts for the pure love to hockey as a game identifying them as single nation. When Gretzky went to L.A. my whole nation trembled like hot water in a tea cup when train goes by (Lee, 2003). This passage from The Trade that Shook the Hockey World (Lee, 2003) shows what a significant impact hockey has on Canadians and also illustrates how economical benefits may interfere with peoples priorities. The single fact of existence of a collect ion of poems dedicated to hockey is an important sign of this game being an undividable part of Canada’s culture. Canadians’ search for national identity has been long and difficult. Being a colonial country, for Canada it has been hard to identify itself as a country with unique culture and national identity. However such things as unique governmental system, public health care system, CBC, and of course hockey helped Canadians to find the means to identify themselves as a nation and find common issues close to the mentality of any Canada citizen. Some may argue that Canadians involvement with hockey is a product of successful marketing, however, no matter what means were used to develop national identity and what were the primary goals of developing it – the outcomes are always more important. In this case the outcomes are the ability of Canadians to unite in a common goal and interest, and Canadians feeling of national identity which is an extremely important factor in identifying patriotic feelings toward homeland. This is a sample essay on Sports written from scratch by one of our academic writers. If you want to order a custom written essay, research paper, term paper, dissertation or thesis contact our company to get professional academic writing help.

The Wall - Picture Book About A Visit to Vietnam War Memorial

The Wall - Picture Book About A Visit to Vietnam War Memorial Author Eve Bunting has a gift for writing about serious subjects in a way that makes them accessible to young children, and she has done just that in her picture book The Wall. This childrens picture book is about a father and his young sons visit to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Its a good book to share on Memorial Day, as well as Veterans Day and any other day of the year. The Wall by Eve Bunting: The Story A young boy and his dad have traveled all the way to Washington, DC to see the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. They have come to find the name of the boys grandfather, his dads father. The little boy calls the memorial my grandfathers wall. As the father and son look for the grandfathers name, they meet others who are visiting the memorial, including a veteran in a wheelchair and a couple weeping while hugging one another. They see flowers, letters, flags, and a teddy bear that have been left at the wall. When they find the name, they do a rubbing and leave a school photograph of the boy on the ground below his grandfathers name. When the boy says, Its sad here, his father explains, Its a place of honor. The Books Impact This brief description does not do justice to the book. It is a poignant tale, made more so by the muted watercolor illustrations of Richard Himler. The boys obvious feelings of loss for a man he never knew, and his fathers quiet remark, He was just my age whe he was killed, really bring home the impact of war on the families whose lives have been changed by the loss of a loved one. Yet, while the father and sons visit to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is bittersweet, it is a comfort to them, and this, in turn, is a comfort to the reader. The Author and the Illustrator Author Eve Bunting was born in Ireland and came to the United States as a young woman. She has written more than 200 childrens books. These range from picture books to young adult books. She has written other childrens books on serious subjects, such as Fly Away Home (homelessness), Smoky Night (the Los Angeles riots) and Terrible Things: An Allegory of the Holocaust. Eve Bunting has also written numerous more lighthearted childrens books, such as Sunflower House and Flower Garden, both of which are on my Top 10 Children’s Picture Books About Gardens and Gardening list. In addition to The Wall, artist Richard Himler has illustrated a number of other books by Eve Bunting. These include Fly Away Home, A Days Work, and Train to Somewhere. Among the childrens books hes illustrated for other authors are Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes and Katies Trunk. Recommendation The Wall is recommended for six- to nine-year-olds. Even if your child is an independent reader, I suggest that you use it as a read-aloud. By reading it aloud to your children, you will have the opportunity to answer any questions they may have, to reassure them, and to discuss the story and the purpose of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. You might also put this book on your list of books to read around Memorial Day and Veterans Day. (Clarion Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1990; Reading Rainbow paperback edition, 1992. ISBN: 9780395629772)

Astronomy and Quantum Physics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astronomy and Quantum Physics - Essay Example The macrocosmic view of astrophysics posits billions of galaxies besides our own, innumerable stars, and planets, and this further points to the fact that we really know little about the universe in our limited, arrogant, ego states of consciousness. The religious view informs this understanding through â€Å"shamanic ecstasy† as Kessler calls it in â€Å"Studying Religion: An Introduction Through Cases,† where he describes the shaman travelling to the heavens and attaining a mystical unitive experience. (Kessler, 2007, p.143) In another way, Kessler suggests that the Buddhist conception of enlightenment may relate to a cosmic experience of being that is related directly to the universe of astrophysics. (Kessler, 2007, p.143-4) Knowing what we do of the nature of the cosmos, with many different possibilities of life, and also understanding Buddhist conceptions of re-incarnation, these two views can combine in a manner that merges the spiritual and physical to see life c ontinuing and developing in different forms across a variety of planets and star systems. The microcosmic view of quantum physics tends to infinite smallness where the astrophysics tends towards infinite expansion. That the two may merge in large cycles of time where the universe expands and then contracts to a single point over periods of billions of millennia or more is a massive concept of time cycles that accords with the Buddhist philosophical standpoint and modern physics.

Promoting health for child and young adult Case Study

Promoting health for child and young adult - Case Study Example The aim of this research is to assess the healthcare requirements and needs babies and in the context of providing a high quality of life for babies through nursing. In order to attain this end, the following ends will be explored: There are numerous debates about when policy covers babies. The right to the abortion of foetuses implies that the scope of the laws protecting children is somewhat restrained and limited by the rights of parents to decide whether to have babies or not (Ballatt & Campling, 2009). However, rights are granted to babies form the womb through the fact that healthcare facilities are required to take reasonable care to ensure that babies are separated from contagious diseases that could spread from mothers and behaviours like smoking that could adversely affect babies. The actual work and obligation towards giving these children care lies with healthcare providers and this include specialist care practice health nurses (SCPHN) who might have the obligation to provide care at the facility and follow up with visits afterwards (Dolan & Holt, 2012). These health visits and other activities by SCPHN will involve observing various rules and regulations and ensuring that care is taken in order to analyse the babies and provide their needs (Luker, Orr, & McHugh, 2012; Bridgemann, Keating, & Lind, 2013). The SCPHN is bound by the codes of the NMC which include providing care in good faith by respecting the needs of all people including the babies and their mothers in order to safeguard their health and safety. There are NICE practices which include maintaining certain specific standards in promoting the proper care of babies from birth through to the first five years through high quality, cost effective patient care as well as the use of treatment and prevention (National Institue for Health and Care Excellence, 2013). Also, the Healthy Child Programme of the UK government provides a range of guidance that prompts care amongst healthcare

Global Poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Poverty - Research Paper Example Extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa however increased to 46% in 2001 and it combined numbers of individuals living in extreme poverty (World Bank, 2004). Some of the transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia suffered a sharp decline in income in the 1990s and the breakup of the Soviet Union also caused a significant reduction in their Gross Development Product per capita (Radio Free Europe, 2012). Poverty rates in the region increased as a result; improvements were gradually seen in the following years with per capital incomes recovering and poverty rates dropping. The World Bank also declared that poverty rates would start improving in Georgia and Ukraine in 2007 (Radio Free Europe, 2012). World Bank figures also indicate that based on 2004 figures, percentage of people living in poor households in East Asia and the Pacific region are at 9.07%; in Europe and Central Asia at 0.95%; in Latin America and the Caribbean at 8.64%; Middle East and North Africa at 1.47%; in South Asia at 30.84%; and Sub-Saharan Africa at 41.09%. There are also other indicators which are being used to indicate poverty, including life expectancy, child mortality, food supplies or calories taken per day, wage, literacy, and access to clean water (World Bank, 2004). ... Africa is also predicted to suffer even worse conditions in the years to come. Economic aspects of poverty highlights material needs, mostly those which include the necessities of daily living, like food, clothing, shelter, and safe drinking water. Poverty is therefore understood as the condition where a person or community does not have the basic needs to support the minimum standards of well-being, mostly due to the lack of a continued source of income (Townsend, 1979). An assessment of the social elements of poverty considers scarcity and elements of distribution resources as well as power forces in society as determinants of poverty levels. The social elements of poverty include lack of access to information, education, health, as well as political power. Poverty may also be considered in terms of unequal social conditions and social relationship including dependency, social exclusion, and failure to participate or to establish connections in society (Townsend, 1979). This social exclusion can be reduced via higher connections in the general society. The World Bank discussed that based on their assessment of about 20,000 poor individuals in 23 countries, they identified the following elements as determinants of poverty: unstable livelihoods, excluded locations, physical restrictions, gender relations, issues in social relations, limited or reduced security or safety, abuse of power, limited capabilities, disempowered institutions, and weak community organizations (Blastland, 2007). Under these conditions, poverty can be as significant problem, restricting opportunities as well as capabilities among the population affected. The main individuals affected by this issue are the people in developing countries,

The Google Maps Road Rally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Google Maps Road Rally - Essay Example Austin spreads into 271.8 squares miles in which 6.9 square miles occupies the water. Austin is located near Colorado River along with three beautiful artificial lakes prefixing with lake named as Bird Lake, Austin, and Walter E. Long. Google maps provide the location of lake Austin as shown in the below figure from the website of Google maps after zooming the location. There is beautiful wildflower meadow and shrub/sapling habitat is evolving as the trees grow in stretch of riverbank besides Colorado River. Other species is also showing presence. Biological diversity, better water quality, improvement in oxygen level and flood control is also helpful maintaining sustainable ecosystem in area. The reservoir created in 1939 supports the electricity generation and flood control measurement in the area. Mount Bonnell is another place of interest in the vicinity of Lake Austin to serve as watchtower for the city dwellers. This serves to provide sightseeing to the visitors from the height of 780-feet with nickname Covert Park in the area of 5.36 acres to enjoy the nature’s beauty present in surrounding hills (â€Å"Google Maps†). Population of city is dominated by 63.7% of White Americans in which 49.9% are non-Hispanic according to the survey of 2005-07. The Hispanic population contributes to the 30.5% of the population. Weather condition of city supports the prevalence of subtropical humid climate that can provide sunny days across most of the time in the year. Snowfalls are rare but, it occurs at the interval of two years. City administration comprises the member of council to maintain the governance and law in the Austin. Politically the city remains divided into the groups of environmentalist and promoters of urban advancement (â€Å"Google Maps†). Economically Austin remains one of the thriving city of the US acting as hub for high tech companies including IT giants such as Dell, IBM, Motorola, HP, Apple. University of Texas remains one

Anti-copper Therapy among Pregnant Women Can Lower the Risk of Wilsons Research Paper

Anti-copper Therapy among Pregnant Women Can Lower the Risk of Wilsons Disease in Their Children - Research Paper Example Therefore, the physicians encourage the pregnant women to use zinc in reducing the amount of copper in their neurological system in a mild way that would not affect the unborn child. Trientine can also be highly effective in treating copper toxicity, while protecting the expectant mothers and her unborn child’s life (Walshe, 129). Some of the measures which health experts would take are a screening test falsification ring assessment and ceruloplasmin serum copper assays. The test relies on a liver biopsy using quantitative copper assays. Immediately a pregnant woman is diagnosed with such symptoms the siblings might be genotyped via making comparison. Medical practitioners advocate for proper use of anti copper therapy. Anti –copper drugs widely used include Trientine, zinc and tetrathiomolybdate. Penicillamine is often administered to pregnant women. Despite its toxicity, it is proven to be the best. Trientine is alternatively used to people who not tolerate Penicillamine and the body responds better notably there is lower quantity of urine copper, which gently reduces to insignificant levels (Schilsky and Scott, 214). In reality, compliance with the recommended therapy and close monitoring of the copper status are the most beneficial practices that patients should observe during treatment. Similarly, the most effectively monitoring tool is used non-ceruloplasmin plasma copper though it also has some side effects; their frequency and impact are minimal. In addition, the neurological worsening especially in the patients using Trientine for the first time is less severe as in Penicillamine. Zinc, it is extremely vital for the maintenance of the therapy. It reduces mettallothionein in the cells. When using copper, urinary secretion of harmful copper is similar to the normal body loading system (Schilsky and Scott, 220). Tetrathiomolybdate, is also used to eliminate copper out of the body, it forms a complex tripartite of

Two theories of motivation Essay Example for Free

Two theories of motivation Essay The subject of motivation can be approached from a number of perspectives. Some theories approach motivation as coming from within a person (Drive Theory), whereas other theories approach motivation as coming from within the person (Incentive Theory). Compare and contrast two theories of motivation explaining how the two approaches may differ and how they may be similar. Does one theory seem to explain motivation better than the other? Support your argument with examples from each theory. Motives are reasons people hold for initiating and performing voluntary behaviour. They indicate the meaning of human behaviour, and they may reveal a persons values. Motives often affect a persons perception, cognition, emotion and behaviour. A person who is highly motivated to gain social status, for example, may be observant of marks of social distinction, may think often about issues that pertain to wealth, may especially enjoy the feeling of self-importance, and may behave in ways associated with upper-class status . By defining motives as reasons, we do not imply that motives are primarily cognitive; any more than establishing a motive for crime in a court of law requires conscious premeditation. A person can have a reason to behave, and thus a motive, without necessarily being aware of it. Aristotle (330BCE/1953) divided motives into ends versus means on the basis of the individuals purpose for performing the behaviour. Ends are indicated when a person engages in a behaviour for no apparent reason other than that is what the person desires to do. Examples include a child playing with a ball for physical exercise and a student reading a book out of curiosity. In each of these examples, the goal is desired for its own sake. In contrast, means are indicated when a person performs an act for its instrumental value. Examples include a professional athlete who plays football for a salary and a student who studies to improve a grade. In each of these examples, the goal (salary, grade) is desired because it produces something else. A person might seek a salary, for example, as a means of enhancing social status, or high grades as a means of pleasing a parent. An analysis of a persons behaviour may identify a series of instrumental acts followed by one or more end goals that complete a behaviour chain.  For example, a person may take a second job for the extra salary (instrumental motive), desire the extra salary to purchase health insurance (instrumental motive), and desire the health insurance to benefit their family (end goal). This example of a behaviour chain shows three behaviours, two motivated by instrumental goals and a third by an end goal. Logically, only goals that are desired for their own sake can serve as the end of a purposeful explanation of a series of human acts (Reiss, 2003). The number of instrumental motives is, for all practical purposes, unlimited. Only imagination limits how may different ways individuals can pursue the end goal of, say, power. In contrast, the number of ends is limited by human nature (Reiss, 2003). Two theoretical perspectives have been advanced concerning end goals. Multifaceted theory holds that the various end goals are largely unrelated to each other, perhaps to the point where they are genetically distant sources of motivation with different evolutionary histories. Multifaceted theorist include philosophers who have suggested lists of the most fundamental motives of human nature (Eg Spinoza, 1675/1949), psychologists who have put forth evolutionary theories of motivation (Eg McDougall, 1926) and psychologists who have suggested theories of human needs (Eg Murray, 1938). In contrast, unitary or global theorists hold that end goals can be profitably reduced to a small number of categories based on common characteristics. Unitary theorists seek the underlying psychological principles that are expressed by diverse motivational events. The ancient Greek philosophers, for example, reduced end goals into categories expressing the needs of the body, mind and soul (Eg Plato, 375 BCE/1966). Hedonists distinguished between end goals associated with the pleasures enhanced and those related to pain reduction (Russell, 1945). Freud (1916/1963) reduced motives to sexual and aggressive instincts. Today, some social psychologists classify end goals into two global categories, called drives (or extrinsic motivation) and intrinsic motives  (IMs). The distinction has been influential 1,921 scholarly publications on intrinsic motivation (IM) appeared during January 1967 and the present day (source: PsycINFO). IM has been investigated in social psychology (eg Ryan Deci, 2000), developmental psychology (eg, Harter, 1981), clinical psychology (eg Eisenberger Cameron, 1996), organisational psychology (eg, Houkes, Janssen, de Jonge, Nijhuis, 2001), and eduational psychology (eg, Kohn, 1993). Drive Theory Thorndikes (1911) law of effect reduced human motivation to categories of reward and punishment. This law holds that responses are strengthened when they lead to satisfaction and weakened when they lead to punishment. Psychologists studying learning soon realised Thorndikes law is a tautology or a proposition that is circular (true by definition). The following statements, for example, are circular with respect to each other: Rewards strengthen behaviour and Any event that strengthens behaviour is a reward. The concept of drive was introduced to escape from the circularity of the law of effect (Brown, 1961). Instead of identifying reward as any stimulus or satisfying event that strengthens behaviour, drive theorists defined it as a reduction in a state of deprivation. The statements Drive reduction strengthens behaviour and Drive reduction occurs when a state of deprivation is lessened are not circular to each other. Hull (1943) recognised four types of drives: hunger, thirst, sex and escape from pain. In many animal learning experiments, investigators have induced drives by depriving animals of an important need prior to the experiment. The deprivation of food, for example, establishes food as a powerful reward, increasing the animals motivation to learn responses that produce food (Skinner, 1938). Much of animal learning theory is based on the results of psychological studies with food-deprived or water-deprived animals. Unitary Intrinsic Motivation Theory The unitary construct of IM was put forth as an alternative to drive theory. The initial insight was that many of the motives not explained well by drive theory motives such as exploration (curiosity), autonomy, and play have common properties. To a large extent, unitary IM theory initially represented an attempt to show the essential differences between drives and what psychodynamic theorists have called ego motives. In the past, the distinction between drives and IMs has been thought to have a physiological basis, at least according to some published remarks. The general idea was that drives such as hunger and thirst arise from tissue needs involving peripheral components of the nervous system, where as IMs arise from psychological or cognitive processes involving primary central neural activity. Deci (1975), for example, wrote that the primary effects of IM are in the tissues of the central nervous system rather than in the non-nervous system tissues (pg 61). The physiological paradigm for distinguishing drives from IMs always lacked scientific support; indeed, we now know that it is physiological nonsense. Motives such as hunger and thirst, for example, involve significant central nervous system or cognitive activity (Berntson Cacioppo, 2000). Both the behaviourist concept of drive and the concept of IM as nondrive have no precise physiological meaning and originally were put forth at a time when little was know about the physiology of motivation. Conclusion Since antiquity, scholars have debated whether human motives can be reduced to a few global categories. Ancient Greek philosophers, for example, distinguish between motives associated with the body (such as hunger and thirst) and those associated with the intellect (such as curiosity, morality and friendship). In the early part of the 20th century, Freud (1916/1963) argued that all motives are ultimately linked to sex. Hedonists, on the other hand, reduced all motives to pleasure seeking versus pain avoidance. The concept of IM can be viewed as a modern example of the effort in motivation reductionism. IM theorists divide motives into two global  categories: drives (as called extrinsic motivation) and intrinsic motivation. Drives are about biologic survival needs, whereas IMs pertain to what some have called ego motives. Hunger, thirst, and pain avoidance are paradigm examples of drives, whereas curiosity, autonomy, and play are paradigm examples of IMs.

British Identity: A Shared Culture

British Identity: A Shared Culture The concept of identity has both personal and social perspectives but, irrespective of focus, each is concerned with categorisation and assumptions of similarity and difference. Social identity relates to the links that exist between people and places, the ideas and practices that align individuals to one social group as opposed to another and the feeling of acceptance and belonging which comes from such allegiance. Great Britain consists of a group of individual countries: England, Wales and Scotland, each of which joined the union at different points in a turbulent history. Northern Ireland, whilst part of the United Kingdom, is not part of Great Britain despite its population being included in the British political process. In spite of these confusing, apparently all-encompassing titles, each individual nation retains a separate identity in addition to the collective ones conferred by the UK and GB acronyms. Historically, English dominance of the union has been a source of contention and in recent years the individual identities of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have become more officially recognised by the adoption of a partially devolved political process for the former two and a power sharing agreement with the Irish Republic for the latter. The merits or shortcomings of devolution fall outside the scope of this essay, nevertheless, it could be argued that at a time when the very notion of Britishness is up for debate, separating the union, even if only for political purposes, will do nothing to strengthen a collective sense of national identity if, in fact, one ever truly existed. Diversity amongst the individual nations of the United Kingdom is only one part of the story and despite being an island and thus having an easily recognisable border, the reach of Britain extends well beyond geographical limits. Great Britains empire building past has left a web of connections that span the world. The British Empire at its height covered a quarter of the globe, and whilst many former colonies, dependencies and protectorates have since regained independence, the history of a British presence in parts of South Asia, Africa and the Caribbean left a postcolonial legacy of citizenship rights which has contributed to the multi-cultural, multi-ethnic society that exists in Britain today. Whether because of commerce or conquest, as an escape from poverty or persecution, Britains population comprises a diverse collection of people, some of whom may have connections to and, therefore, identify with places other than the British Isles. Who we are and who others think we are has a lot to do with where we live and our origins, but it takes much more than territorial borders to define national identity. It is almost impossible to say exactly what British identity is or should be in the 21st century and as a result the very idea of Britishness has been the source of much anxiety, uncertainty and political debate in recent years (Clarke, 2009, P. 210). From politicians to social commentators, newspaper editors to academics, all have suggested ways in which the meaning of Britishness could be constructed and fixed. Amongst other things, Clarke suggests that British national identity may mean having a sense of place, a shared way of life, a common history and a recognised image of race or ethnicity (2009, p. 219), but in light of the diverse nature of Britains population some of his suggestions seem more plausible than others. A sense of place can only come from a feeling of acceptance and belonging, hard to achieve when even after three generations of British citizenship your community is still viewed with suspicion and resentment. The idea of a common history may not sit well with everyone, especially those whose ancestors were the subject of domination, oppression and exploitation. A recognised image of race or ethnicity implies a singular recognition, fine if your skin is the right colour, but at risk from discrimination if it is not, legislation can protect but it cannot change attitudes. Even though a shared way of life seems to be a reasonable suggestion, cultural differences make this eq ually difficult to imagine. Culture, according to Clarke, has at least two meanings (2009, p. 219). The first suggested interpretation is what he calls high culture; this includes art, literature, theatre and music. Writers such as Shakespeare, Austen and Dickens, artists such as Turner and Constable and composers such as Elgar all supposedly provide an apparently shared set of reference points with which all British people can identify (2009, p. 221). However, Clarke also notes that the stressed importance of English names in the list of preferred cultural icons excludes not only those members of British society whose origins, whether real or imagined, lie outside its geographical limits, but those from other parts of the UK too. Raymond Williams (1958, cited in Clarke, 2009, p. 219) calls this a selective tradition. Therefore, to suggest the use of British high culture as a unifying tool is to exclude a large section of society to whom it is probably irrelevant and perhaps even unintelligible. Clarkes suggestion of a shared way of life also falls under the cultural banner. Normal everyday practices of living such as dress, food, customs and religious observance are all important in defining the meaning of culture. Common forms of behaviour, values, morals and ethics are important in a shared way of life but immediately this highlights some problems. Religious and cultural differences, for example, may make behaviour considered acceptable to people in one community completely unacceptable to those of another. Not all diversity is necessarily ethnic or religious, however, and age, gender, social background and political differences can all divide as well as unite. Having established the difficulty in accepting shared culture as a means of defining British identity, the idea of shared values has been suggested by both David Blunkett and Trevor Phillips. Mr. Blunkett, former UK Home Secretary, suggested that Britishness is defined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ through our shared values, our history of tolerance, of openness (2005, cited in Clarke, 2009, P. 221). Trevor Phillips, former Chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, also suggested that Britishness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ lies in a way of living à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In a diverse society, the shared values are the fundamental glue that holds us together; and the way we behave towards each other is the outward manifestation of our values. (2007, cited in Clarke, 2009, PP. 222-223). Both these statements, whilst obviously well meant, do not stand up to scrutiny. To suggest that the British people are tolerant and open is to deny history. Perhaps Blunkett and Phillips are simply stating how they would like peo ple to think and act, in which case their argument will likely fall on many deaf ears! For Blunkett and Phillips diversity is a positive thing, something to embrace and celebrate. They suggest that only through tolerance and openness to diversity can Britain gain a unifying sense of identity. Their views have been contested, however, and statements denouncing the acceptance and encouragement of diversity have been equally prominent. David Goodhart, a magazine editor, has suggested that increasing diversity in Britain has caused us to become a nation of strangers. He also suggests, As Britain becomes more diverse that common culture is being eroded (2004, cited in Clarke, 2009, pp225-226). Whatever common culture he happens to be referring to; he suggests that its loss is leading to a lack of solidarity and social cohesion. His opinion, unlike that of Blunkett and Phillips, however, does not carry the weight of authority since it is a personal opinion expressed in a magazine article. In complete contrast to Goodhart, Bhikhu Parekh, in a report for the Runnymeade Trust, suggests that diversity and collective national identity need not be mutually exclusive. Whilst acknowledging the risk of social fragmentation and racism, Parekh suggests that if all members of society feel equally valued, have access to equal opportunities, lead fulfilling lives and shoulder the burden of societal responsibility that it may be possible to develop a shared identity and common sense of belonging (2000, cited in Clarke, 2009, pp. 226-227). In a diverse society, therefore, the concept of national identity should be all-inclusive; clearly, this cannot depend on a shared culture. Moreover, simply telling people how to think or behave will not change attitudes nor make them feel united. Ultimately, perhaps economic and social equality will lead to a unified purpose and sense of collective identity or perhaps not, this is clearly a complex question without a single answer. (1500 words) Life stage analysis: Maturity – Old Age Life stage analysis: Maturity – Old Age In 2005, an estimated one in six individuals was over the age of 65, representing 16 percent of the UK population[1]. The National Statistics Office reports that the largest population increase was evidenced in the 85+ age group, growing by more than 64,000 (6 per cent) in 2005, totalling 1.2 million individuals[2]. Many factors are responsible for this the growth rate in the over 65, primarily in the later older adult stage of 85+, as healthcare and technology are improving and leading to increased survival rates, coupled by the post World War One baby boomers reaching their later adult years[3]. Increasingly, nursing and other professional groups are utilizing Enquiry Based Learning (EBL) that uses situations from real life to analyse issues while learning from a nursing perspective with an emphasis on refining capabilities in actual nursing practice[4]. Researchers emphasize the open-ended questioning used for complex problems or scenarios that allow the nurse to seek out new evidence[5]. Using an Enquiry Based Learning scenario, this paper will present the case of special needs family and with an emphasis on life stage analysis of the elderly. Following a brief case presentation, this paper will define the maturity-old age life stage, describing various factors specific to maturity that influence the person’s biological, psychological and social perspectives. Personal and practical nursing experience with mature/older patients is presented followed by what has been learned from the research on how to effectively provide nursing care in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes to older individuals. Case presentation This is the case of a nuclear family. Mr. and Mrs. Smythe’s are adults with two children, a daughter E. who is 14 years old and pregnant and a son who is 4 years old afflicted with Downs Syndrome and suffers with intermittent breathing problems due to the Down’s syndrome. Both children live at home with their parents. Mrs. And Mrs. Smythe are reasonably healthy with no chronic health concerns at this time. Mr. Smythe works full time in a position outside of the home. Mrs. Smythe is a full-time homemaker. Mr. Smythe’s two parents are both alive at 82 years of age and living together in their own dwelling. Both parents are reasonably healthy for their age with no chronic health problems identified at this time. Mrs. Smythe’s father, Mr. Jones, is 86 and a recent widower (of three months). Following the death of her mother, Mrs. Smythe invited her father to live with her family. Mr. Jones is in fair health, although he is depressed and having difficulty adjusting to the new environment at his daughter’s home, the issues with her children and the loss of his wife all occurring within a short time. Assessment Life stage identification This paper will focus on the three individuals in Erikson’s Maturity stage of life, aged 65 to death[6]. This life stage is marked by the psychosocial integrity vs. despair conflict, such that individuals are reflecting back on their lives and either accepts the thought of their death with a sense of accomplishment and fulfilment or a feeling of despair and regret[7]. Smith[8] identifies the 65+ age group as belonging in Levinson’s late adulthood developmental stage. Factors specific to maturity – Physiological/biological As individual ages, many physiological changes take place in virtually all physiological systems, ranging from the endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skin, hair and nails and nervous system[9]. Globally, there is a reduction in cells and cellular metabolism, as the body gradually becomes less efficient[10]. Skin looses subcutaneous fat, things and there is a reduction of collagen and elastin combined with a 50 percent reduction in cell replacement[11]. Respiratory muscles degenerate and respiratory capacity decreases, alveoli decline in size and the lungs become more rigid as the individual ages.[12] The heart reduces in size and contractile strength and cardiac efficiency is reduced by as much as 30 – 35 percent[13]. There is a general decrease in height, bone mass, muscle mass and collagen with less joint elasticity[14]. Sleep patterns are altered, with regular wakeful periods during the night[15]. The aging body does not readily distinguish between host cells and infection along with a reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12, decreasing hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Of particular importance is the reduced drug clearance by approximately 50 percent, often leading to increased risk of drug interactions among elderly individuals who are frequently on more than one pharmaceutical agent[16]. Factors specific to maturity – Psychological and Sociological The death of a spouse is the leading cause of disruptive life-event stress and conflict[17] affecting the way an individual understands themselves and their role in society and the family. Rokach and Brock found that loneliness has a strong correlation with self-esteem in the elderly[18]. Marital status and the death of a spouse contribute to feelings of isolation and loneliness in the elderly, creating a sense of stigma in the individual, causing emotional distress, feelings of rejection and isolation, especially when care is taken over by others such with the death of a spouse[19]. In particular, men have a difficult time with their own emotions, perceiving their social needs for companionship rather than isolation as a sign of weakness[20]. When older individuals are also faced with a reduction in income and job status, the older individual reportedly has a greater propensity towards solitude, isolation and loneliness[21]. Warner[22] found that those elderly adults who maintained their own independence had less of a need for dependent behaviour because of social cues, whereas those who were dependent, such as Mrs. Smythe’s father, Mr. Jones, reacted with a greater sense of learned dependency and associated social contact seeking behaviours. Practical nursing experience that provides a basis for nursing intervention in this case With the knowledge provided by two factors: research and LEIPAD[23], the three elderly individuals were administered the LEIPAD multidimensional assessment to gain a baseline for intervention[24]. LEIPAD is believed to be a stronger single assessment tool than using a combination of The SF-36, Barthel Index of activities of daily living and the Abbreviated Mental test, even though the Barthel Index is recommended by both the Royal College of Physicians of London and the British Geriatrics Society[25]. Mr. Jones requires the greatest intervention due to losses of his wife, independence and immediate social circle. Additionally, Mr. Jones has daily coping issues with his grandchildren. To date, practical nursing experience has primarily focused on education related to chronic diseases and disease prevention with elderly patients. Inconsistency is noted when relating to patients and relating to older members of one’s family, where greater emphasis is placed on psychological and social wellbeing. What has been learned from using the EBL approach to this case? In addition to the amount of research one can use to prepare and expand one’s horizons with an EBL approach, such as using the LEIPAD assessment rather than the Barthel Index, is the use of open-ended questions that solicit a wealth of information. Most practitioners like to keep answers to questions short or they will cut patients off in mid-sentence. Open-ended questions allow for further probing by active listening and a participatory manner. References Austin, Shari. Oral Health and Older Adults. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 2003. De Leo, Diego, Diekstra, Rene, Lonnqvist, Jouko , Trabucchi, Marco, Cleiren, Marc, Frisoni, Giovanni B., Dello Buono, Marirosa, Haltunen, Aro, Zucchetto, Mauro, Rozzini, Renzo, Grigoletto, Francesco, Sampaio-Faria, Jose. LIEPAD, An Internationally Applicable Instrument to Assess Quality of Life in the Elderly. Behavioral Medicine, 1998. Ginsberg, Gary, Hattis, Dale, Russ, Abel Sonawane, Babasaheb. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Factors that can Affect Sensitivity to Neurotoxic Sequelae in Elderly Individuals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005. Hutchins, Bill. Principles of Enquiry-Based Learning, Centre for Excellence in Enquiry-Based Learning Resources – University of Manchester, 2006. Kahn, Peter O’Rourke, Karen. Understanding Enquiry-Based Learning. In Barrett, T., McLabhrainn, I. Fallon, H. eds. Handbook of Enquiry Problem Based Learning, Galway: CELT, 2005. Lyons, Ronald Al., Crone, Peter, Monaghan, Stephen, Killalea, Dan Daley, John A. Health Status and Disability Among Elderly People in Three UK Districts. Age and Ageing, 1997. Office for National Statistics; General Register Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Population Estimates. 2006 [Online]. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=6 (cited 1 May 2007). Price, Robert. Enquiry-Based Learning: An Introductory Guide. Nursing Standards, 2001. Rokach, Ami Brock, Heather. Loneliness and the Effects of Life Changes. The Journal of Psychology, 1997. Smith, Mark K. Life Span Development and Lifelong Learning. [Online]. Infed. Available from: http://www.infed.org/biblio/lifecourse_development.htm (cited 1 May 2007). Tosey, Paul McDonnell, Juliet, Mapping Enquiry Based Learning: Discourse, Fractals and a Bowl of Cherries. 2006. [Online]. Available from: http://www.com.survey.ac.uk/learningtolearn (cited 30 April 2007). Warner, Dorothy Ann. Empowering the Older Adult through Folklore. Adultspan Journal, 2006. Winters, Angela. Erikson’s Theory of Human Development. [Online]. Ezine Articles. Available from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Ericksons-Theory-of-Human-Developmentid=20117 (cited 1 May 2007). Footnotes [1] Office for National Statistics; General Register Office for Scotland and Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2006. [2] Office for National Statistics, 2006. [3] Office for National Statistics, 2006. [4] R. Price, Enquiry-Based Learning: An Introductory Guide, Nursing Standards, 2001) 18. [5] B. Hutchings, Principles of Enquiry Based Learning, Centre for Excellence in Enquiry-Based Learning, University of Manchester, 2006 and Kahn O’Rourke, 2005. [6] A. Winters, Erikson’s Theory of Human Development. Ezine articles, 2007. [7] Winters, 2007. [8] M. Smith, Life Span Development and Lifelong Learning, 2005. [9] S. Austin, Oral Health and Older Adults, Journal of Dental Hygiene, 2003) 129. [10] Austin, 2003) 129. [11] Austin, 2003) 129. [12] Austin, 2003) 129. [13] Austin, 2003) 129. [14] Austin, 2003) 130. [15] Austin, 2003) 130. [16] G. Ginsberg et al., Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Factors that can Affect Sensitivity to Neurotoxic Sequelae in Elderly Individuals, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005) 1249, [17] Tennant and Pogson, 1995 as cited by Smith, 2005. [18] A. Rokach H. Brock, Loneliness and the Effects of Life Change, The Journal of Psychology, 1997) 285. [19] Rokach Brock, 1997) 289. [20] Rokach Brock, 1997) 290. [21] Rokack Brock, 1997) 296. [22] D. A. Warner, Empowering the Older Adult through Folklore, Adultspan Journal, 2006. [23] D. DeLeo et al., LEIPAD, An Internationally Applicable Instrument to Assess Quality of Life in the Elderly, Behavioral Medicine, 1999) 27. The LEIPAD assessment was determined to assess physical, mental, social and occupational status, including self-assessments of health status and perceptions, inclusive of pain, self-esteem, self-confidence, levels of optimism, anxiety and depression, including feelings about friendship, happiness, loneliness, isolation and solitude. [24] DeLeo et al., 1999) 19. [25] R. A. Lyons, et al., Health Status and Disability Among Elderly People in Three UK Districts, Age and Ageing, 1997) 204. Gender issues: Who is the better teacher? Gender issues: Who is the better teacher? Gender has long been the issue in classroom for over decades. The question of who is a better teacher male of female has always been debated for years. Although this issue has dissipates following the issue of sexism and gender equity, it still knocks on the door of every classroom. Does a teachers gender affect student performance in the classroom? Does student performance increases when taught by teacher of the same sex, or is it the opposite? Many researches have been done in trying to answer these questions, but no definite conclusion has been made. Most of the researchers are still trying to figure out what actually constitutes to the students achievement in relation to teachers gender. There are two views when it comes to the influence of teachers gender effect in classroom, one accepts it and another one denies it. The first one says when students are taught by the teacher of the same sex as the students, the students achievement will increase. Some researchers are saying that students will perform better when taught by the same gender, as they feel more engaged and are able to identify themselves with the teacher because of the same gender factor. Gender role model, stereotypes, expectations, and teaching styles are some of the variables that are brought up when it comes to same-gender factor. Still, there are people who believe that teachers gender effect does not have any influence in students academic achievements. They believed that there is no ample evidence to support such notion, and even if there was, it was not sufficient and significant enough to be accepted as a sole reason for such occurrence. Although many researches had been made, there are still loopholes that need to be filled and studied. Inconsistent findings and conclusions given by previous researchers is one reason why further studies are needed. Some shortcomings and limitation from previous research are also need to be rectified. There are several elements that indirectly influence the teachers gender effect in classroom. Factors such as students perception towards teachers performance and effectiveness in class, and teachers level of interaction are some that will be touched in the article review. All of these elements will be reviewed in terms of gender differences. Because the literature on teachers gender issues is so broad, this review of literature begins by examining theories of gender role development and social learning theories. Next, gender role expectations and the stereotypical male and female student will be examined. This information will then be brought together with research specific to the classroom experience involving student and teacher interactions and research specific to teacher training. 2.1 TEACHING EFFECTIVENESS Effective teachers are those who achieve the goals which they set for themselves or which they have set for them by others (e.g ministries of education, legislators and other government officials, school administrators). As a consequence, those who study and attempt to improve teachers effectiveness must be cognizant of the goals imposed on teachers or the goals that teachers establish for themselves, or both. According to Kemp and Hall (1992), the major research finding is that student achievement is related to teacher competence in teaching. Differential teacher effectiveness is a strong determinant of differences in student learning, far outweighing the effects of differences in class size and class heterogeneity (Darling-Hammond, 2000) According to Sanders and Rivers (1996), students who are assigned to one ineffective teacher after another have significantly lower achievement and learning (that is, gains in achievement) than those who are assigned to a sequence of several highly effective teachers. It is important to note however, that the influence of teacher characteristics on teacher effectiveness is not direct; rather it is moderated or mediated by their effect on the way in which teachers organize their classrooms and operate within them. In Blooms (1972) terns, what teachers are influences what teachers do; what teachers do, in turn, influences what and how much students learn. When asked about their most effective teachers, boys and girls were able to identify a solid list of key characteristics reflected in educational research (Hill Rowe, 1996; Martin, 2002). In Ashley Lee (2003) boys tended consistently to identify the following factors as critical in the kinds of teacher they work well for and respect: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Firm, but fair: able to control the class well to inject humour but regain attention quickly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Good subject knowledge and enthusiasm for the subject à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ability to explain things clearly and with patience Fazio and Roskes (1994), said, attitudes are important to educational psychology because they strongly influence social thought, the way an individual thinks about and process social information. According to Eggen and Kauchak (2001), positive teachers attitudes are fundamental to effective teaching. A teacher must be interesting. Eggen and Kauchak (2001) identified a number of teachers attitudes that will facilitate a caring and supportive classroom environment. They are: enthusiasm, caring, firm, democratic practices to promote students responsibility, use time for lesson effectively, have established efficient routines, and interact freely with students and providing motivation for them. According to Shulman (1987), poor communication can make learning even the most simple and straightforward subject-matter far more difficult. Research findings on teachers attitudes (Brunning et al., 1999), established the following facts: Teachers characteristics such as personal teaching efficacy, modeling and enthusiasm, caring and high expectation promote learners motivation. Male teachers tend to be more authoritative and instrumental whereas female teachers tend to be more supportive and expressive (Meece, 1987; Freeman McElhinny, 1996). Teachers variable are also noted to have effect on students academic performances. These includes, teachers knowledge of subject matter, teaching skills, attitude in the classroom, teachers, qualification and teaching experience. Ehindero and Ajibade (2000) asserted that, students, who are curious stakeholders in educational enterprise, have long suspected and speculated that some of their teachers lack the necessary professional (not academic) qualification (that is, skills, techniques, strategies, temperament et cetera) required to communicate concepts, ideas principles et cetera in a way that would facilitate effective learning. According to Kelley Massoni (2004), students expect male teachers as being more knowledgeable than women, and are assumed to be more objective. 2.2 STUDENTS EXPECTATION Sociologist Robert K. Merton (1948) first coined the term self-fulfilling prophecy. As part of his explanation of the SFP, Merton drew upon the idea: If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences (Thomas, 1928, p. 257). Then, if students really think about their teachers, somehow it will materialized in both of the teacher and students teaching and learning process. SFP research (Good, 1987) explains that teachers form expectations of and assign labels to people based upon such characteristics as body build, gender, race, ethnicity, given name and/or surname, attractiveness, dialect, and socioeconomic level, among others. Once we label a person, it affects how we act and react toward that person. With labels, we dont have to get to know the person. We can just assume what the person is like (Oakes, 1996, p. 11). Although self-fulfilling prophecy usually works based on teachers expectation, students also form their own expectation, and could also have their own self-fulfilling prophecy, working both ways, onto them, and also towards the teachers teaching process. The self-fulfilling prophecy works two ways. Not only do teachers form expectations of students, but students form expectations of teachers using the same characteristics described above (Hunsberger Cavanagh, 1988). 2.3 EVALUATION OF TEACHER Many studies reveal that students tend to rate female faculty members differently than male faculty members (Whitworth, Price Randall. 2002; Basow Silberg, 1987; Goodwin Stevens, 1993; Tartro, 1995). Students may hold biased perceptions of the differences between men and women faculty (Andersen Miller, 1997; Burns-Glover Veith, 1995). It is also possible, however, that students are accurately assessing the difference between teaching styles that is attributable to the gender of the faculty member (Centra Gaubatz, 2000). According to Kelley Massoni (2004), the impact of gender in teaching evaluations often is related to students differing gendered expectations of their women and men teachers. A study by Basow (1995) revealed that students perceived female instructors to be more sensitive and considerate of student ideas whereas male instructors were believed to be more knowledgeable. If students are, even in part, picking up on real differences, understanding the effect of gender on teaching styles is important. 2.4 PERCEPTION Perception may be defined from physical, psychological and physiological perspectives. But for the purpose of this study, it shall be limited to its scope as postulated by Allport (1966), which is the way we judge or evaluate others. That is the way individuals evaluate people with whom they are familiar in everyday life. Eggen and Kauchak (2001) gave cognitive dimension of perception; they see perception as the process by which people attach meaning to experiences. 2.5 GENDER BIAS Teachers are more likely to offer praise and remediation in response to comments by boys but mere acknowledgement in response to comments by girls (AAUW 1992, Sadker and Sadker 1994, Saltzman 1994, Kleinfeld 1998, Lewin 1998, and Sommers 2000). The only significant interaction that emerged was that girls reported a better relationship with female teachers than with male teachers, while boys reported fairly similar relationships (TES, 2005). According to Holmlund and Sund (2005), teachers are the role models for the students. If students identify themselves more with same-sex role models, it is possible that performance will be enhanced when students have a teacher of their own gender. Florian (2008) suggests that there is rich evidence within the psychology literature that girls and boys respond differently to mothers and fathers [e.g. Brown, 1990, Brown et al., 1986], and pick different celebrities and athletes to emulate. Male and female teachers are also potential role models. Harris and Barnes (2009) found that four-year-old boys preferred males to form a relationship and saw the male teacher as the person to be involved in sports and physical games. Teachers gender influences how that teacher interacts and communicates with his or her students (Constantinou, 2008). As Hurt, Scott and McCroskey (1978) have stated it, there is a difference between knowing and teaching, and that difference is communication in the classroom (p. 3). According to Dee (2006), assignment to a same-gender teacher significantly improves the achievement of both girls and boys as well as teacher perceptions of student performance and student engagement with the teachers subject. He also found that, having a teacher of the same sex increased a students score on standardized tests significantly while having a teacher of the opposite sex decreased scores. But Florian (2008) finds that male students performing worse with female instructor, while female performance appear unaffected. According to Dee (2006), in a class taught by a man, girls were more likely to say the subject was not useful for their future and they were less likely to look forward to the class or to ask questions. 2.6 CONCLUSION Teachers may react in a different way depending on the gender of a student, or students may react in a different way depending on the gender of a teacher. Firstly, teachers discriminate, and display bias with respect to how they engage or assess boys and girls in the classroom. The mode teachers behave interacting with boys or girls may rely on whether teachers themselves are male or female. These effects may be conscious or unconscious. Secondly, students may see teachers more as role models if they are of the same sex, and show greater intellectual engagement, manner, and interest. Students may also react to teachers through negative stereotype for example, when female students are reminded about a belief they are not supposed to be good at math when being taught by a male teacher. Another probability is that male and female students respond differently to male and female teaching styles. It is important for teacher to know what he/she is expected from the students. Fulfilling the expectation can make learning process easier for the students and make them more motivated.