DEVELOPMENT OF THE UK CODE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Essay

DEVELOPMENT OF THE UK CODE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE - Essay Example The paper reviews the development of corporate governance and the outcomes of the changes since 1990 to the culmination of a combined code in 2003, and the impact of the recent bank crisis on corporate governance structures (Lee 2006, p.36). The rise of Corporate Governance Since the 1980s, corporate governance issues have continued to attract immense interests. Issues such as corporate fraud, corporate failure, and corporate collapse, excess of executive remuneration, abuse of management power, and corporate social and environmental responsibility gained prominence, and have continued to attract attention in media reports, academic debates, public forums, regulatory agendas, and governmental policy. However, despite the earlier concerns and subsequent regulatory endeavors, corporate governance issues became even more prominent and exposed with the onset of the global financial crisis 2007-10. Subsequently, some academics, policy analysts, and corporate practitioners have associated the severity and increasingly circular nature of the financial and economic crisis to corporate governance failures, whether functional or technical (Sun, Stewart and Pollard 2011, p.16). In the 1980s, broader stakeholder concerns remained eclipsed by the market-driven, growth- oriented outlooks of Reaganite and Thatcher economics. The Director’s responsibility to enhance stakeholder value was reinforced with profit performance models gaining prominence and shaping the foundation for the privatization of state-run entities. The threat of predator takeover bids (for the market control) was touted as a critical incentive for strong board-level performance. In the UK, the Guinness case and consequently, the collapse of Robert Maxwell’s companies brought to the fore the need for checks and balances (especially for boards dominated by powerful executive directors), as well as in cases where the posts of chief executive and chairman of the board were merged, and the outside directors were weak (Boyd 1994, p.335). It was at this time that the concepts of corporate governance became the focus of attention; in fact, the phrase itself was son to emerge. How Corporate Failure Led to Growth of Corporate Governance The UK economy experienced a prolonged period of economic growth from 1981 to 1989; however, in the same period, there were a number of company failures arose with some manifesting spectacular collapses including Asil Nadir’s Polly Peck, Robert Maxwell’s MCC, plus the $8bn failure of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI). These collapses shared a number of similarities: a recent clean bill of health from auditors, an ostentatious and powerful leader, an absence of action from non-executive directors and minimal participation with institutional investors (Smerdon 2010, p.5). These collapses stirred public concern, partly because of the massive involvement of numerous of deposit holders in the collapse of BCCI and thousan d of pensioners in the collapse of the Maxwell Empire, and also because of the overriding perception that the UK industry was lagging behind economically compared to other countries with Europe. Hence, it can be argued that the evident failure or lack of accurate reporting in the majority of cases that would have otherwise allowed investors to spotlight the warning signs was the biggest motivation for the drive for corporate governa

Leadership Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leadership Interview - Essay Example We kept in touch through email, and that is how I contacted them for the interview. X gave me a recommendation on my resume last year, and it was very complimentary. With X, though, you never think that she is giving a compliment just to be nice. There is something very real and genuine about her leadership, and although she didn’t say as much during the interview, I suspect it’s because X doesn’t view nursing leadership as a role to play like an actor: she is just herself, and it works. â€Å"Whereas traditional authority clearly is inherently conservative, the rise of a charismatic leader may well change.† (Ritzer, p. 129). X is not a very conservative leader. In defining effective leadership, there is the problem of defining universal traits in relation to an organizational environment that is built primarily on the differentiation of individuals. That is, research regarding leadership strategies may show that there is no one clear set of characteristics that defines people-oriented leadership like the kind used by X, because there is so much variance in individuals. â€Å"There are no universal traits that predict leadership in all situations. Rather, traits appear to predict leadership in selective situations. Traits predict behavior more in weak situations than in strong situations† (Robbins, 2003, p. 315). X tends to be charismatic and use her naturally attractive personality to get along with clients and coworkers in her position as a nursing leader. This puts a â€Å"fresh spin on the issues, engendering a feeling of hope and even reverence in the charismatic leader’s followers and the public. Innovations and changes intended to improve patient outcomes. These same technological advances require nurses to demonstrate knowledge† (Dawes, 2000). One point that X made during the interview was that technology has changed since we were coworkers, and she stated that it was more important than ever for nurses to be

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay Example for Free

Boeing’s e-enabled advantage Essay The Boeing Company is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William E. Boeing in 1916 in Seattle, Washington. In 2004, it became one of the United State’s largest manufacturers with nearly 160, 000 employees and a net income of $1. 87 billion. It was the world’s largest aerospace company and for decades, had dominated the world’s commercial aviation market. THEIR STRATEGY Their main strategy was to streamline their core processes and to diversify. In streamlining their core processes, Boeing adopted simpler procedures for configuring aircraft to specifications, scheduling, ordering parts and managing inventory. They also diversified and entered into other markets, becoming more agile geographically and becoming less dependent on the highly cycled commercial jetliner market. They also integrated defense systems, Capital Corporation and the commercial airlines. HOW I. T. FACTORED INTO THAT In launching the aforementioned integration and innovative technologies, Boeing needed high end Information Technology expertise. That helped them launch a couple of websites including MyBoeingFleet. com. They also launched the Boeing Connexion and the Airplane Health Management (AHM). They went further and took great strides to understand both the airlines and the airline customers and integrate their business processes with Information Technology. This helped them provide broader services and is the main source of the e-enabled technology mentioned in the case study. This helped them plan and prioritize current and future processes effectively. THE MARKET Their market initially was the United States military which drove their technology but later grew to include commercial airliners. Their commercial airline market rapidly grew to 60% of the market world over and they appeared to have reached the pinnacle of the corporate might. As this happened, the only direction Boeing seemed to be headed was downward due to the emergence of big competitors. THEIR COMPETITION In the commercial airliner, Airbus seemed to be their biggest competition but because of all the technologies they integrated into their business, it was competing in segmented markets against industry giants like Oracle, IBM and Accenture as well as Garmin International and Aero Exchange International but their visionary leadership and their willingness to invest in technology sees them come out on top. THEIR WEAKNESS One of the main weaknesses of Boeing was their inablitiy to meet delivery schedules for airlines. Some airplanes they manufactured were also said to be inefficient but that did not stop them from producing more of those aircrafts which led to the belief that they are out of touch with their customers. Also, their frequent change of leadership could be considered a weakness as that makes them frequently go back to the drawing board to re-strategize.

Theories Of Personality: Albert Einstein

Theories Of Personality: Albert Einstein This paper will discuss about the life of Albert Einstein and how the different theories of the personality are applied on his life. Like the theory of Maslow in which he describes the five needs of the human beings and the big five model. Certainly, he was mentally a very strong person that was against the military rule and dictatorship of German government. Finally, he would not have been a famous and genius man of the 20th century if he were not conscientiousness. The theory of Erickson describes the psycho-social improvement through eight different periods. According to this theory, each level focuses on a subject, or calamity, that is particularly important at his that span of life. By applying the theory of Erickson on Einsteins psycho-social improvement at the very end of his life, we could possibly comprehend that his life was wonderful and playful. The intelligence of Einstein was specially called the logical-mathematical intelligence. Certainly, Einstein formed the theories based on the observations, and on the logical reasoning. Take For instant, some scientists thought while Albert Einstein was still working in government grant office, he experimented that many of the people that were coming inside and out the office on the certain time. Albert Einstein was not very confident or competent in his early life, he even started talking very late then any other normal person but in the later life he became very confident and he achieved a lot by the validations of the theories that he proposed. Trait Theory: According to Douglas, the majority of people illustrate others by referring to their sociable, thoughts, actions, feelings and needs. All these points are called personal traits that tend to assist to express how a person generally thinks and then behave. There are two diverse trait theories that are given later in this paper. Firstly, the trait theory utilizes a factor-analytic technique that is organized in five essential factors that are: Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism These trait theories complement each other to assist us get additional understanding of the personality of Albert Einstein. While focusing on the factors of the big five model, Einstein was an extremely non-open person in the early childhood. When he was three years old, he could not yet talk, and he really hated playing music especially playing piano. Nevertheless, he became more open when he became an adult man. He used to be enjoyed by art; he also used to play music as his preference and got interested about nature. He was very introverted, he did not really liked to talk to others. Every scientific work was done by him. And this could possibly be the reason that clarifies that why he gave divorce to his wife. However, in the end days of his life, he was pretty much more active and he joined many organizations that confined the peace and the human rights. He had a very strong agreeableness that could be seen by his love and his passion, along with his fights for freedom and peace of the world. He was not very neurotic because he had by no means concern about the certainty of his theories that were not agreed upon by almost all of the scientists of 20th century, but he still struggled, fought and proved to the humanity the truth. Certainly, he was mentally a very strong person that was against the military rule and dictatorship of German government. Finally, he would not have been a famous and genius man of the 20th century if he were not conscientiousness. Because he created new theories, he should have been very structured and well-versed in each theme. Secondly, the trait theory utilizes the biological features that are recognized as: Introversion Extraversion Emotionality Stability. Connecting to the 2nd trait theory, Albert Einstein seemed not to fit in any specific area of the sphere e.g. Introverted Extraverted and Emotional Stability. He was very submissive, thoughtful, easygoing, peaceful and active. We could easily see it all the way through his personal living. For instant, he on no account cared how people thought about his presentation, his hair or the clothes. Einstein had the unsurprising trait patterns that represent the multifaceted personality. Neo-Freudian Theory: The theory of Erickson describes the psycho-social improvement through eight different periods. According to this theory, each level focuses on a subject, or calamity, that is particularly important at his that span of life. By applying the theory of Erickson on Einsteins psycho-social improvement at the very end of his life, we could possibly comprehend that his life was wonderful and playful. Albert Einstein displayed self-actualization in dedicating his life for society and science. The scientific creativity of Einstein was intensely connected with the societal development and was an enormous part of his history. The theory of Erickson will terminate that at the older age, Einstein lived a very meaningful life and he was prepared to countenance death with approval and pride. Nevertheless, Einstein apparently was not satisfied by his life although he had completed a lot of work. At the same time, as in the last days, when he was in hospital, he spoke something to the nurse in German before going to sleep forever. A lot of scientists said that Einstein may talk about the quantums theory for the achievement to that nurse, but regrettably she did not appreciated German. Therefore, when at the time when Einstein was about to death, we might also see the confliction between honesty versus despair. (Cunny, 1960). A lot of people had doubt and questioned that how Einstein was so good and intelligent. After the death of Einstein, doctors managed a surgery on his head and did not found out any dissimilarity between his brains with a normal persons brain. According to the theory of Gardner, everyone governs a special intellect which is articulated in different situate of skills (Language, Thought, Intelligence 285). The intelligence of Einstein was specially called the logical-mathematical intelligence. Certainly, Einstein formed the theories based on the observations, and on the logical reasoning. Take For instant, some scientists thought while Albert Einstein was still working in government grant office, he experimented that many of the people that were coming inside and out the office on the certain time. He observed that the time and space in the place of work that were linked and by the reasonable thinking, his common relativity theory was recognized (Cunny, 1960). In other viewpoint, Sternberg Triarchic theory also integrated three diverse types of intelligence that are: Analytic Creative Practical Einsteins science efforts were based on logical intelligence. He also used diagnostic thought to resolve the physics problems. And He may also have realistic intelligence because he was worried that a lonesome man in science that can only work alone and observe the subjects through his uneven experience in life. For example, he disliked rote learning in schools, so that he can get experience and studied math by his individuality. Generally, both theories clarified the types of intelligence of Albert Einstein splendidly and it gave us more thoughts about our particular intelligences which we have not thought about ever before. Psychoanalytic Theory: This theory by Sigmund Freud explains that the psyche of human beings is divided in two structures that are the conscious and the unconscious mind of a person. However, the mind of a person has three parts that are: Id Ego The Super-Ego had been such a progressive messenger and he had said about how significant thoughts are that a person can never get any of the revolutionary ideas if he keeps on thinking the same thoughts that he thought before. A person has to think different thoughts in order to progress in life. The ego is part of the individual structure and it will be with us when we dwell in the sphere of the substantial and live inside this concept as we know of it as time since the ego only survive in our past reminiscences or our future thoughts. The ego cannot exist in the present moment of now. When we go back to the area of the absolute, all reverse to the care that is the center of our living being and the ego vanishes because we are one time again in full information that we are with the foundation of all that survive and there is no idea such as time. There is only the current instant of now and the ego can not survive in this surroundings. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs: The hierarchy of needs include all the physiological, psychological, belonging, esteem needs and the need for self-actualization. 5.1. Physiological Need: The physiological needs include the needs like air, water, food, shelter and safety etc. Albert Einstein was not very social in his early life but by the end of his life, he became more social, started interacting with people more often because of the safety of not being lonesome. There are two ways to live your life. He also believed that there are only two ways by which a person can live his life. One is if you believe that nothing is a miracle and the other is when you believe that everything is a miracle. 5.2. Psychological Need: Probably psychological needs enable us to prosper rather than just survive; this can be seen in terms of excess energy just like economic magnificence can also be seen in terms of over capital. The majority of the people on the planet earth waste most of the time while struggling to satisfy their survival needs and so they then have a very little time spare to enjoy luxury of pleasing the psychological needs of understanding and knowing. Einstein was a very intelligent man and he did not believed in miracles. The theories he proposed were not accepted by other scientists but he was psychologically very strong and determined that he was right and soon everyone was found of him. 5.3 Belonging Need: Even when Einstein was a very young child, he valued solitude, in 1930 he remembered and said that he was a true lone traveler and he have never belonged to his country, his home, his friends, and even his instantaneous family with his whole heart and as a matter of fact, he had never lost the sense of coldness and the need for solitude, and the feelings that increase with the years and time. (qtd in Cassidy 64). 5.4 Esteem Need: There are of two types of Esteem needs that are: Internal esteem needs that can include the need for self- respect, competence, confidence, freedom and achievement. External esteem needs can include the needs for recognition, status, power, admiration and attention. Albert Einstein was not very confident or competent in his early life, he even started talking very late then any other normal person but in the later life he became very confident and he achieved a lot by the validations of the theories that he proposed. On the other hand, he also received a lot attention and admiration throughout his life and was very famous among the people. 5. 5 Self- Actualization: Albert Einstein displayed self-actualization in dedicating his life for society and science. The scientific creativity of Albert Einstein was intensely related with the societal development and was an enormous part of his history. Conclusion: These trait theories complement each other to assist us get additional understanding of the personality of Albert Einstein. While focusing on the factors of the big five model, Einstein was an extremely non-open person in the early childhood. Certainly, Einstein was mentally a very strong person that was against the military rule and dictatorship of German government. Finally, he would not have been a famous and genius man of the 20th century if he were not conscientiousness. Because he created new theories, he should have been very structured and well-versed in each theme. Albert Einstein was not very confident or competent in his early life, he even started talking very late then any other normal person but in the later life he became very confident and he achieved a lot by the validations of the theories that he proposed. On the other hand, he also received a lot attention and admiration throughout his life and was very famous among the people. The scientific creativity of Albert Einstein was intensely related with the societal development and was an enormous part of his history. Probably psychological needs enable us to prosper rather than just survive; this can be seen in terms of excess energy just like economic magnificence can also be seen in terms of over capital. Einstein was a very intelligent man and he did not believed in miracles. The theories he proposed were not accepted by other scientists but he was psychologically very strong and determined that he was right and soon everyone was found of him. Gender Selection: Ethical Dilemma Gender Selection: Ethical Dilemma 1.0 INTRODUCTION â€Å"Over the course of human history, the gender of a newborn child has mostly been a surprise and an uncontrollable aspect of the lifecycle† (Akchurin and Kartzke 2012). However, with advances in reproduction technologies nowadays such as in-vitro fertilization and testing embryos for abnormalities, parents can not only know the gender of their offspring before birth, but it is also possible for them to choose the gender of the child before it is being implanted in the womb (Cloonman et al. 2007). Since decades, the practice of identifying fetal sex during pregnancy has existed and it was first introduced in the 1970s (WHO 2012). While prenatal sex selection was once considered to be unique to India and China, the practice now exists in the Asian, European and African countries, especially with the prevalence of ultrasound, being more affordable to middle-class and even lower-class families (Miller 2001). Although gender selection has been beneficial to a large extent to so ciety, questions about its ethicality are often raised and it remains a highly controversial issue. Therefore, the following points below emphasises on the arguments for and against in a bid to provide a balanced debate as to whether selecting the gender of a child before birth should be allowed or not 2.0 ARGUMENTS FOR MOTIVATIONS UNDERLYING SEX SELECTION 2.1 Prevention of selective abortion and infanticide Throughout history, gender selection has been practiced after birth by the abandonment or killing of unwanted infants or before birth by selective abortion. However, these ruthless practices still exist in some countries. One of the main causes is due to deep-rooted cultural factors present in countries like India and China (Jones 1992) which strongly affect gender preferences. For instance, in China, the Government has adopted the one-child policy and for the case of India, most Indian’s parents mostly pray for a baby boy for cultural factors such as inheritance of property, family name to their heirs and their contribution to economic activity (Bhaskar and Gupta 2007). Therefore, by allowing parents to choose the sex of their offspring before pregnancy and eventually allow them to get their desired offspring, this will not only prevent them from committing sins like infanticide and selective abortion, but also avoid negative cultural implications. 2.2 Family Balancing Gender selection is also considered as ethical when it is used for â€Å"Family balancing† purposes (Bhaskar 2010). As Cline (2007) claimed, families that already have one or more children of a particular sex may feel like selecting the gender of their next offspring in order to â€Å"balance the gender ratio† of their family. Data indicate that couples who are expecting a baby, but already have a daughter, prefer to have recourse to gender selection methods so as to ensure that their next child would be a boy (Hesketh and Zing 2006). Thus, this argument is justified when considering the fact that having children of different sex in a family is beneficial to the society (Akchurin and Kartzkey 2012). 2.3 Freedom of choice If the latest technology in gender selection exists, then parents believe that they should have the reproductive right to select the gender make-up of their family given that no impairment is being caused to the society by their decision (Harris 1997). Article 16 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that: Men and women of full age†¦ have the right to marry and to found a family and this right also implies that they have the right to make choices over how their family should be formed(U.N. 1948). 2.4 Sex-linked genetic diseases For families who are prone to get sex-linked genetic diseases like â€Å"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, hemophilia, Cooleys anemia, Downs syndrome†, and more than 400 other diseases (Jones 1992), pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) prevent them from conceiving a baby with the risk of developing a severe illness and avoid abortion or premature death (Silverman 2005). Therefore, in this case, the use of PGD for a medical purpose is an ethical practice. 3.0 ARGUMENT AGAINST SEX SELECTION 3.1 Children designed to specifications A popular criticism of gender selection is its use for non-medical reasons. Children are being considered as consumer products or toys designed to specifications in a bid to satisfy parents (Akchurin and Kartzke 2012). The latter are using money and technology to fulfill superficial desires and soon they will want to choose the eye or hair colour, skin tone and eventually the career of their offspring, thus leading to the creation of a â€Å"designer baby†. Besides, parents may not be aware that in trying to customize their babies, this may lead to the development of other undesirable traits; low intelligence, birth defects, the passing of hereditary diseases, or even genetic disorders. 3.2 Natural Selection Having a child is a natural phenomenon, full of wonder, but however, doctors, and to an extent parents, are â€Å"playing God† by choosing the gender of their child (Leung 2004). Children should not be loved because of who they are, not because they are exactly what we wanted of them (Stein 2004). Reproductive technologies were developed with the intention to cure diseases, but choosing the gender of a child before pregnancy is not a disease. Thus, by allowing sex choice for non-medical reasons, this can have harmful implications on the society as this will encourage selective abortion. Besides, the society will lose its natural essence and the evolution of human species will be affected (Sureau 1999). 3.3 Gender imbalance Another unintended consequence of sex selection is gender imbalance. Gender preferences due to social and cultural factors may result in serious imbalances in some countries like India, Vietnam and China. For instance, in India, the sex ratio at birth is very high such that there are â€Å"914 girls for every 1,000 boys† (The Economist 2011). The negative implications of gender imbalance may subsequently lead to â€Å"marriage squeeze† whereby a shortage of women leaves fewer brides available for the large numbers of prospective grooms (Hvistendahl 2012). These imbalances are socially harmful because as they are linked to forced marriage, sexual violence, kidnapping and prostitution. 4.0 CONCLUSION â€Å"Childbirth is a complex series of molecular reactions and organic growth, and while doctors have learned much about the process, there is still much that is unknown† (Akchurin and Kartzke 2012). Technology has permitted humans to make choices on different ways on how to live their lives, but gender selection is all about allowing people making a choice about the life of someone else, which is not a decision for them to take as it severely affects the quality of life of the child in some way or another and can eventually have negative impacts on the society as a whole (Cloonman et al. 2007). However, as per the Human Genetics Alert Campaign Briefing (2002), it is pointless to ‘try to stop scientific advances’, but instead, it is better to focus on how to prevent any abuse. Policymakers need to be aware of the practice’s potential growth, and how it threatens gender equality and progress in their own countries (Gilles and Jacobs 2012). Hence, gender sel ection is a highly controversial issue as far as its applicability for medical and non-medical reasons is concerned and involves a debate that is outside the scope of this essay. BIBLIOGRAPHY Akchurin,W. and Kartzk, R., 2012. The Ethics of Gender Selection [online]. Available from: http://www.ethicapublishing.com/ ethical/3CH2.pdf. Bhaskar, V., and Gupta, B., 2007. India’s Missing Girls: Biology, Customs and Economic Development, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23, 221-238. Bhaskar, V., 2010. Sex Selection and Gender Balance. University College London. Cline, A., 2007. Gender Selection- Ethical Considerations New Technologies. [online]. Available from: http://atheism.about.com Cloonman, K., Crumley, C. and Kiymaz, S., 2007. Sex Selection: Ethical Issues. Developmental Biology. The New York Times. [Online]. Available from: http://8e.devbio.com Ganatra, B., 2008. Maintaining Access to Safe Abortion and Reducing Sex Ratio Imbalances in Asia. Reproductive Health Matters 16, 90-98. Gilles, K. and Feldman-JACOBS, C., 2012. When technology and tradition collide: from gender bias to sex selection. Policy brief- Population Reference Bureau, Washington, USA, 1-5. Harris, J. 1997. Goodbye Dolly? The ethics of human cloning. J Med Ethics, (23), 353-360. Hesketh, T., and Zing, Z.W, 2006. Abnormal Sex Ratios in Human Populations: Causes and Consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(36), 13271-75. Human Genetics Alert Campaign Briefing, 2002. The case against sex selection [online]. Human Genetics Alert, London. Available from: www.hgalert.org/sexselection.PDF Hvistendahl, M., 2012. Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls and the Consequences of a World Full of Men. Report of the International Workshop on Skewed Sex Ratios at Birth, UNFPA, New York. International debate education association, 2012. This house believes parents should be able to choose the sex of their children, [online]. Available from: http://idebate.org/es/cite/17669 JONES, O., 1992. Sex Selection: regulating technology enabling the predetermination of a childs gender. Harvard Journal of Law Technology, 6, 1-62. Leung, R., 2004. Choose the Sex of Your Baby. CBS News. [online]. Available from: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/13/60II/main611618.shtml Miller, B., 2001. Female-Selective Abortion in Asia: Patterns, Policies, and Debates. Report of the International Workshop on Skewed Sex Ratios at Birth. American Anthropologist, 103 (4), 1083-95. Peterson-Iyer, K., 2004. Designer Children. Cleveland: The Pilgrim. 1-232. Silverman, A., 2005. Genetic Diseases. The Silverman Center for Gender Selection, [online]. Available from: http://www.gender-select.com Stein, R., 2004.A Boy for You, a Girl for Me: Technology Allows Choice. The Washington Post [online]. Available from:http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A62067-2004Dec13.html Sureau, C., 2007. Gender Selection: a Crime Against Humanity or the Exercise of a Fundamental Right? Oxford Journals Human Reproduction. [online]. Available from: http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org The Economist, 2011. Add sugar and spice.[online]. Available from: http://www.economist.com/node/18530101 U.N., 1948. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.General Assembly United Nations. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml> Waters, B., 2001. Reproductive Technology. Cleveland: The Pilgrim. 1-148. World Health Organization (WHO), 2011. Preventing Gender-biased Sex Selection: An Interagency Statement. [online]. Available from: www.who.int/reproductivehealth

Bipolar Disorder Essay -- Psychology Depression Essays

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a type of manic depression classified by those affected having extreme polar opposite emotions. Those who suffer from bipolar disorder, go from extreme highs (mania) to very lows, (depression). Because this illness deals with such drastic changes in behavior, it is essential that those who suffer take medical action in treatment of their disorder, unlike other depressions that may be treated with therapy only. Medical treatment with the use of drugs is so important when treating those who suffer from bipolar disorder, because its causes can be predicted to begin at the neuron level. One of these treatments, as discussed throughout this paper, is Lithium in its common for, Lithium Carbonate. Lithium is thought to affect the way the way the synaptic transmitters carry information across the neurons in the body. Although it is unknown how exactly this process works, researches believe that the synapse is the location of the neuron that is affected by lithium use. The synapse of a cell can be defined as a point of communication at the gap between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle, (Kalant, 2004). Because the synapse deals with communication, the synapse is an extremely busy and complicated part of the neuron. Due to the belief that Lithium is impacts a cell primarily at the synapse, it also affects the cell at the axon of the pre- synaptic cell, and the dendrites of the post-synaptic cell. An axon is the part of the cell that conducts information away from the cell body, and eventually across the synapse, where the branch like fibers of the post-synaptic dendrites receives the information. Exact Process Unknown: Lith... ... Khoury, Aram El, et al. (2001) Effects of Long Term Lithium Treatment on Monoaminergic functions in major depression. Psychiatry Research, 105, 33-44. Lithium-Drug Class, Medical Uses, Medication Side Effects, and Drug Interactions. (1998). Retrieved March 6, 2005 from http://www.medicinenet.com Long, Phillip W. (2005) Pharmacology in Lithium Carbonate. Retrived March 6, 2005 from http://mentalhealth .com/drug/p30- 102.html Schimelpfening, Nancy. The Chemistry of depression. Retrieved February 28, 2005 from http://depression.about.com/cs/brainch101/a/brainchemistry_p.htm Serretti, A. Et al. (2000). Serotonin Receptor 2A, 2C, 1A genes and response to lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 35, 89-98. Shastry, Barkur s. (2005) Bipolar Disorder: an update. Neurochemistry International, 46, 273-279.

Classroom Discipline and Management Philosophy Essay -- Classroom Manag

The goal in our classroom is to teach self-discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and problem-solving skills. Common causes of misbehavior include an attempt to meet unmet needs (belonging, significance, fun); a lack of needed skills (social and academic); inappropriate expectations; lack of structure; and a lack of sense of relevance. We will be focusing on non-punitive solutions to problems based on kindness, firmness, dignity and respect. True discipline comes from an internal locus of control (self-discipline), not an external locus of control (punishments and rewards inflicted by someone else). Some of the strategies used in our classroom will be proactive and some will be reactive. Many proactive strategies will be in place so that the use of reactive strategies is limited. These strategies include, but are not limited to: . Classroom Organization- Typically a Proactive Strategy although can be reevaluated as a Reactive Strategy- Classroom is thoughtfully designed to welcome all children, value everyone’s ideas and work, support active and engaged learning, support diverse developmental levels and learning styles, fosters independence, responsibility and cooperation, cultivates the care of materials and equipment, and gives students some choices in the learning process . Reinforcing teacher language- Proactive Strategy- Based on the idea of noticing what students are doing that we want them to keep doing; Names concrete or specific behaviors; Reflects important goals and values . Reminding teacher language- Proactive and/or Reactive Strategy- Reflects clearly established expectations; May be a question or a statement; Is brief and direct; is used when both the teacher and th... ... be sent to a â€Å"buddy room† to allow them a new environment to regain composure within) . Referral to Director, Assistant Director, or School Counselor- Reactive Strategy- Referrals to individuals outside of our classroom occur occasionally when o A Student’s behavior prohibits the class from moving forward in a productive way o If something occurs that the teacher believes needs immediate attention that cannot be given by the teacher at that moment o Others are perceived to be in danger References Nelsen, Jane. Positive Discipline. New York: Ballantine Books, 2006. Nelsen, Jane, Lynn Lott, and H. Stephen Glenn. Positive Discipline in the Classroom, 3rd ed. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. Responsive Classroom, Level II Resource Book. Turner Falls, M.A.: Northeast Foundation For Children, Inc., 2008.

lucid dreaming :: essays research papers

Lucid dreaming means dreaming while knowing that you are dreaming. The term was coined by Frederik van Eeden who used the word "lucid" in the sense of mental clarity. Lucidity usually begins in the midst of a dream when the dreamer realizes that the experience is not occurring in physical reality, but is a dream. Often this realization is triggered by the dreamer noticing some impossible or unlikely occurrence in the dream, such as flying or meeting the deceased. Sometimes people become lucid without noticing any particular clue in the dream; they just suddenly realize they are in a dream. A minority of lucid dreams (according to the research of LaBerge and colleagues, about 10 percent) are the result of returning to REM (dreaming) sleep directly from an awakening with unbroken reflective consciousness. The basic definition of lucid dreaming requires nothing more than becoming aware that you are dreaming. However, the quality of lucidity can vary greatly. When lucidity is at a high level, you are aware that everything experienced in the dream is occurring in your mind, that there is no real danger, and that you are asleep in bed and will awaken shortly. With low-level lucidity you may be aware to a certain extent that you are dreaming, perhaps enough to fly or alter what you are doing, but not enough to realize that the people are dream representations, or that you can suffer no physical damage, or that you are actually in bed. 1.2 IS LUCID DREAMING THE SAME AS DREAM CONTROL? Lucidity is not synonymous with dream control. It is possible to be lucid and have little control over dream content, and conversely, to have a great deal of control without being explicitly aware that you are dreaming. However, becoming lucid in a dream is likely to increase the extent to which you can deliberately influence the course of events. Once lucid, dreamers usually choose to do something permitted only by the extraordinary freedom of the dream state, such as flying. You always have the choice of how much control you want to exert. For example, you could continue with whatever you were doing when you became lucid, with the added knowledge that you are dreaming. Or you could try to change everything--the dream scene, yourself, other dream characters.

A paper about Apollo 13 Essay

On April 11, 1970, three men were scheduled to fly to and land on the moon. The mission labeled Apollo 13. Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell made-up the original crew members of Apollo 13, but because of an inner-ear surgery, Alan Shepard felt unprepared to fly Apollo13. Jim Lovell, the commander of Apollo 14, was then approached and asked if he would mind switching flights with Shepard. Jim did not think there would be a great difference between the two flights and wanted to get back to the moon. He agreed and his crew began training. (Lovell and Kluger, 60-61) Jim’s crew included Fred Haise, Ken Mattingly, and himself. They gladly accepted their mission. Little did these men know, however, their flight was going to be riddled with problems and be forever remembered for them. The three men should have known that their mission was fated for mishaps when at the last minute Ken Mattingly was removed from the crew because of an accidental exposure to German measles. He was replaced by the â€Å"playboy† Jack Swigert. Jack, who was not taken very seriously by the public, became a huge asset to the crew of Apollo 13. The chosen men of Apollo 13 were to become the second group of men launched towards the moon. Their mission was clear: Get to the moon. Apollo 13 planned to land in the Fra Mauro Formation, an extensive geologic unit covering large portions of the moon. The men were to exit the spacecraft and perform numerous experiments for NASA. These experiments would give information on the composition of the moon’s surface and its formation. Age dating would have been done when the samples returned to earth. This shows the age of the formations and provides an idea of where the moon falls on the geologic time scale. (Godwin, 63) Ken Mattingly, Jim Lovell, and Fred Haise were ready for their mission. This is what they had trained their whole lives for. Devastatingly, Ken Mattingly was not allowed to fly with the crew of Apollo 13 to the moon. Seventy-two hours before the flight launched into space, NASA informed Ken that he had been exposed to the German measles and would not be able to continue with the mission. (JSC) The entire crew including the back-up crew was exposed to the disease. Back-up LEM pilot, Charlie Duke, became sick after being exposed to the disease because of his son.  Even though the entire crew, including the back-up crew had been exposed, Ken Mattingly had not been immunized and would endanger the flight if he were to become sick while in space. (Lovell and Kluger, 88) NASA has strict rules about such things and knew that a sick crew member could not be trusted completely as an operator of a spacecraft. Ken’s crew rallied behind him and fought NASA so that Ken could join them on this mission. Unfortunately, NASA disregarded the crew’s arguments. Jim Lovell became Mattingly’s number one supporter, however. He wanted his friend with him and did not understand why Ken could not go into space. He asked the flight surgeon, â€Å"How long is the incubation period for this thing?† The surgeon replied, â€Å"About ten days to two weeks?† After more discussion about the fact that during lift-off Ken would be fine and when they reached the moon Ken would be healthy, Lovell asked, â€Å"Then what’s the problem? If he starts running a fever when Fred and I are down on the surface (of the moon), he can have that whole time to get over it. If he’s not better by then, he can just sweat if out on the flight home. I can’t think of a better place to have the measles than in a nice cozy spaceship.† (Lovell and Kluger, 89) When Lovell finished ranting, the surgeon still bumped Mattingly from the flight. Jack Swigert replaced Ken for the April 11th launch. Jack Swigert took the place of Ken Mattingly as Command Module pilot. Jack had a reputation as a rambunctious bachelor and had an energetic social life. The public knew of his behavior and during the flight, instead of watching late-breaking news, they watched talk shows that belittled him for such behavior. On April 13th, two days after the launch, ABC was showing The Dick Cavett Show. Dick had one comment about the space flight. He said, â€Å"And speaking of girl watching, did you know our first bachelor astronaut is on his way to the moon? It’s Swigert, right? He’s the kind of guy who they say has a girl in every port. Well, that may be, but I think he’s kinda foolishly optimistic taking nylons and Hershey bars to the moon† (Lovell and Kluger, 4). America knew him as â€Å"the bachelor.† Swigert, however, was quiet, unassuming, and hard-working. The only astronaut unmarried in NASA’s history, Swigert knew this was bad for his image in the 1960’s, but NASA kept him on because he was such a good pilot. Swigert and NASA knew that he was a good pilot, but his lifestyle not his qualifications had been publicized for the public to judge him by. Swigert served in the Air Force after graduating from the University of Colorado. During this time he was a fighter pilot in both Japan and Korea. After earning a Masters of Science from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1965, Swigert was selected by NASA in 1966 along with Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, and nineteen other astronauts. (Godwin) The crew had trained for a good year before the flight was to be launched. During this year, the crew became so close that Lovell and Haise could interpret the nuances and inflections in Mattingly’s voice. This would become valuable when Mattingly would only be shouting commands at the two men while they tried to steer their lander. (Lovell and Kluger, 89-90) So it wasn’t that the crew of Apollo 13 did not believe in Swigert’s abilities, but they had trained with Ken Mattingly for so many months that they were afraid they would not be as successful. To their surprise, Swigert fit into the crew nicely. Forty-eight hours before they were to launch, NASA certified Jack to fly. (Lovell and Kluger, 89-90) With Mattingly left behind in Mission Control, Apollo 13 launched on April 11, 1970 with full faith it would make it to the moon. NASA launched Apollo 13 from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 2:13 p.m. (Godwin, 81) The launch went well. The only problems the crew encountered were with fuel cells and the fact that Swigert had not filed his tax returns yet. The Capcom, Joe Kerwin, asked the guys if they had completed their income tax forms. Swigert replied, â€Å"How do I apply for an extension?† Joe laughed. â€Å"Joe, it ain’t too funny. Things happened kinda fast down there and I do need an extension. I may be spending time in another quarantine when we get back, besides the medical one they’re planning for us.† After cracking up the entire mission control, Joe came back on saying, â€Å"We’ll see what we can do, Jack† (Lovell and Kluger, 92). The crew continued with regular business. Little did they know they would be dealing with much bigger problems than Jack’s taxes, but they would also be glad that they had him along. â€Å"Houston, we have a problem† (History Channel). Most people know this saying  well. They’ve said it when things go wrong in their own lives, but for the three men of Apollo 13 and the world it was the scariest phrase they had ever uttered or heard. Quickly after the ship was launched, a NASA technician discovered higher pressure on a helium tank than there was supposed to be. Nothing was done. After liftoff, Apollo 13’s second engine cut off two minutes early. To make up for this, the astronauts â€Å"burned the other four engines an additional 34.† (Space Exploration History) This resulted in a 1.2 feet per second speed gain. On April 13, 1970 after a television broadcast, the men were sent this message from mission control, â€Å"We’d like you to err, stir up you cryo tanks. In addition err, have a shaft and trunnion, for a look at the comet Bennett if you need it.† Jack Swigert did as he was told. (Space Exploration History) This le d to his now infamous phrase, â€Å"Houston, we have a problem† (History Channel). Jim Lovell described the explosion like this, † Fred was still in the lunar module. Jack was back in the command module, in the left-hand seat, and I was half way in between, in the lower equipment bay, wrestling with TV wires and a camera, watching Fred come on down, when all three of us heard a rather large bang – just one bang.† (Compton) All the men thought that the explosion was a joke being played by Fred Haise, but they quickly realized something was seriously wrong. Jim continues to describe his feelings by saying, â€Å"I guess it’s the kind of interesting to know what the feelings of the crew are when something like this happens. When you first hear this explosion or bang†¦you don’t know what it is. We’ve heard similar sounds in the spacecraft before that were for nothing†¦my concern was increasing all the time. It went from â€Å"I wonder what this is going to do to the landing† to â€Å"I wonder if we can get back home.† (Compton) The â€Å"bang† came from oxygen tank #2. The tank supplied oxygen used in the fuel cells, the primary energy source for Apollo 13. The astronauts were eighty-seven hours from home with only ten hours of back-up battery power. The battery power had to be saved for reentry into earth’s atmosphere. (Compton) With the help of mission control on the ground, the crew of Apollo 13 devised a plan to get back to earth safely. In 1968, NASA commissioned twenty-one panels to research aspects of the  Apollo spacecrafts. One of these panels included Jim Lovell and Jack Swigert. Their particular panel was to investigate in-flight fire emergency procedures. (Lovell and Kluger, 31) Jack had even written the procedures for malfunctions in case of such for the Command Module. (CD-ROM) So he and Lovell knew somewhat they way to get them back home safely. They planned to use the Lunar Module to survive. The LM was designed to separate from the Command and Space Module, land two astronauts on the moon, sustain them while they were on the moon, and carry them back to the ship in orbit. (Compton) The Command Module had to be shut down to save the batteries for reentry. Aquarius, the Lunar Module equipped for two men for two days now would have to contain three men for four days. Another problem that arose was the oxygen supply and the falling temperature. If the men continued to breathe normally, they would start breathing in their own carbon dioxide. This would kill them after a period of time. The men had to devise a plan to rid the ship of CO2. The next obstacle they had to tackle was the temperature. It ended up dropping to thirty-eight degrees in the Command Module. As all this was happening, the crew had to maneuver Apollo 13 around the moon, not to the moon, and towards earth. Once the crew was headed toward earth, the men in mission control were in complete control of the crew’s fate. Not only did NASA bring in the normal members of mission control to get the men back safely, but the Apollo 14 crew was there and so was Fred and Jim’s good pal Ken Mattingly. Together they all came up with a way to make an air filter that the crew could use to take away the carbon dioxide. While mission control and the others were hoping to get the men home, Marilyn Lovell and the other wives met at the Lovell home to pray for the crew. Even Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin watched coverage of the tragedy with Marilyn Lovell in her home. (Lovell and Kluger) All of the watchers on were glad when the men finally arrived home safely. The three men trapped in Apollo 13 were on their way home, but first they had to help Fred survive and say goodbye to a friend. Two days before the crew was to say goodbye to Aquarius and the service module, Fred Haise came down with a serious fever. His fever was due to a kidney infection he had  acquired from the lack of liquid intake the crew had been facing. During the time that Fred was battling his fever, the astronauts separated from the Service Module and the Lunar Module, powered up the Command Module, which they would use to return home, and Mission Control said its goodbyes with the famous quote, â€Å"Farewell, Aquarius, and we thank you.† Luckily, the power did return when the crew powered up the Command Module. (Space Exploration History) This had been a worry for the men and everyone at home. Two hours before splash down, Fred Haise reached a peak in his sickness. Jim glanced over at him and he had his eyes closed, hugging himself trying to stop from shivering. At this point Lovell wrapped Haise in a huge bear hug to warm him up. The shivering subsided and they all looked forward to the eighty degree weather in the South Pacific. (Lovell and Kluger) After being held captive in space for eighty-six hours and fifty-seven minutes with no idea if the would ever return home, the crew of Apollo 13 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. They landed only three miles from the recovery ship, Iwo Jima. (Compton) The landing is the most accurate landing in the history of manned space flight. Apollo 13 wasn’t the last flight to the moon, there were four others, but none of the men who had flown with 13 ever went back into space. Ken Mattingly was the closest astronaut to Apollo 13 to ever fly. He was part of the Apollo 16 mission. The men of Apollo 13 all retired from NASA shortly after their fated mission. Jim left in 1973 and went on to work in telecommunications. Fred’s Apollo 19 mission was cancelled and he left the agency in the late 70’s. Jack, the surprise hero of the mission, left the agency immediately after splashdown. He returned to Colorado and entered politics. (Lovell and Kluger, 366-367) In November 1982, he was elected to the U.S House of Representatives. Unfortunately, Jack Swigert died of bone cancer days before he was to be sworn in. For three men who were not supposed to fly to the moon together, the crew of Apollo 13 became closer than any other flight crew before and showed a courage never shown by astronauts. They never copped o ut. When thoughts of â€Å"poison pills† and suicide starting entering their minds, they kept their efforts focused on getting the spacecraft back home. (Lovell and Kluger, 1) They had a pride to up hold. They had the pride of NASA and the United States. All of the men  had been soldiers. Jack Swigert fought in Japan. He knew what it was all about. The mission clearly was to get to the moon, but after the explosion of the oxygen tank the mission became life. It became teamwork. When Fred Haise became ill, the other two crew members made sure they took care of him and brought him home. (Lovell and Kluger) And in return he made sure he got them at the correct angle so that they would not catch on fire or bounce off the earth when reentering the atmosphere. Everyone pulled together in space and on the ground to get these heroes home. They came together like a family in a time of need. For this, they will always be remembered and looked at as heroes of the United States Space Program. For a mission that was forced to be labeled a failure, Apollo 13 was a great success for humanity and NASA.

Models for Interest Rate Risk Essay

Interest risk is the possibility of unexpected adverse changes in interest revenues and expenses. It can be shown that interest rate changes are unpredictable almost 100%. They depend on monetary policy; supply and demand, inflation etc. These in turn depend on many other factors. So how do financial institutions manage the risk of fluctuating interest rates give that they cannot predict it? The immunization of a portfolio against interest rate risk means that the portfolio will neither gain nor lose value if interest rates change. In this essay we will look at some of the different models used by financial institutions for managing interest rate risk. They are the re-pricing model, the maturity model and the duration model. We will describe them and evaluate the comparative advantages and disadvantages each model assumes. Firstly we consider the re-pricing model. It is a balance sheet where assets and liabilities are grouped according to the time periods in which the different assets and liabilities are rate sensitive. Assets or liabilities are rate sensitive within a given time period if the values of each are subject to receiving a different interest rate should market rates change. These groupings are referred to as ‘maturity buckets’. Then ‘Gap analysis’ is conducted where the rate sensitive liabilities are subtracted from rate sensitive assets for each maturity bucket. This is called the GAP. It can be shown that GAP * interest change = net interest income (or profit) change or the interest margin. We can also calculate the cumulative gap(CGAP) by adding up the gaps in the brackets over a period of time, for example 1 year.

The Effects Of Hydration Health And Social Care Essay

Blood force per unit area, or the sum of force exerted on our arterias as blood is pumped through them, is frequently measured to estimate an person ‘s general province of wellness ( James 2010 ) . Age, weight, dietetic wonts, emotional conditions, and general fittingness all contribute to arterial blood force per unit area ( Weedman and Sokoloski 2009 ) . It has been confirmed by recent surveies that environmental factors, like quicksilver exposure, can act upon an addition in blood force per unit area over clip ( Valera et al 2009 ) . About tierce of grownups worldwide suffer from high blood pressure, or high blood force per unit area ( Castaneda-Bueno and Gamba 2010 ) . Using a factor of our ain, the lab pupils conducted an experiment to prove the association between desiccation and blood force per unit area. I hypothesized that desiccation had a direct relationship with high blood force per unit area and bosom rate ; that is, the more dehydrated an person, the higher their blood force per unit area and bosom rate would be. With increased hydration, blood force per unit area and bosom rates would diminish to endorse to basal rates. The significance of this peculiar analysis is to prove whether hydration degrees in an single influences their blood force per unit area and/or bosom rates. A similar experiment has been performed with hydration and blood force per unit area, and the consequences show that desiccation in babies may take to future high blood force per unit area in grownups ( Smith et al 2006 ) .MATERIALS AND METHODSTo run our experiment, we used an instrument called a â€Å" sphygmomanometer † to mensurate our arterial blood force per unit area. The group of topics dwelling of 26 pupils conducted three basal readings, before devouring H2O, at a somewhat dehydrated province. After two hours, our desiccation degrees were higher. Using our three basal readings we antecedently collected for control variables, we instantly began imbibing room-temperature H2O. I consumed about 16 ounces before taking the first of five blood force per unit area measurings, each done three proceedingss apart, for a corporate 12 proceedingss of appraising. Blood force per unit area, in this instance, would be the dependent variable, whereas the sum of H2O consumed ( hydration degree ) would be the independent variable. After carry oning the experiment and entering each blood force per unit area and bosom rate measuring, the group ‘s information was consolidated. Using all of the collected information, I averaged the blood force per unit areas and bosom rates, computed the p-values utilizing several of the informations sets coupled with the last measurings ( after 12 proceedingss ) by running six t-tests, and found the scopes of overall blood force per unit area and bosom rate.ConsequenceThis experiment was conducted to mensurate the correlativity between hydration and blood force per unit area and bosom rate. I compared six informations sets with the 12 minute station informations set by making paired t-tests ( table 5 ) , and found that three of them had a p-value of less than 0.05. This suggests that the variable alteration between the compared information sets has a less than five percent chance of happening by opportunity. The information sets that had important p-values were the radical pulse rate ( 3 ) , radical systolic blood force per unit area ( 3 ) , and diastolic blood force per unit area at clip 0. One information set, systolic blood force per unit area at clip 0, had a p-value of 0.06974 which is really close to significance but can non be considered as solid grounds. The other two informations sets, basal diastolic blood force per unit area ( 3 ) and pulse rate at clip 0, had really high p-values ( 0.407448 and 0.799202 ) and can non be used as support. The norms for systolic blood force per unit area, diastolic blood force per unit area, and bosom rate were calculated and plotted on three different charts in comparing to clip ( 0 to 12 proceedingss ) . Each of the charts illustrates similar inclinations. Get downing at a maximal value, there is an initial lessening from clip zero to six proceedingss ( values at lower limit ) . Then there is a little addition from six to nine proceedingss, and eventually, a little lessening at the terminal of the 12 proceedingss. In the instance of secret plan 3, the bosom rate mean remains changeless after six proceedingss. Harmonizing to table 4, the scopes for all pulse rates and all blood force per unit areas were calculated as 69 and 75/65, severally. Three separate tabular arraies ( 1-3 ) represent basal pulse rate and blood force per unit area norms, post-drinking pulsation rate norms ( at 12 proceedingss ) , and post-drinking blood force per unit area norms.Time ( min )036912Mean71.69 70.12 69.44 70.56 70.56Time ( min )036912Mean120/79 114/70 110/66 117/77 114/72Data SetsOverall PROverall BPScope69 75/65Basal Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure AveragesTable 1 Table 3 Table 5Post-Drinking Pulse Rate AveragesTable 2Post-Drinking Blood Pressure AveragesT-test Consequences( All paired with 12 min post informations )Scopes for Pulse Rates and Blood PressuresData SetsBasal PR 3Basal Systolic BP 3Basal Diastolic BP 3Time 0 PRTime 0 Systolic BPTime 0 Diastolic BPp-values0.00079 0.04239 0.407448 0.799202 0.06974 0.04954 Table 4Data SetsBasal Pulse Rate 1Basal PR 2Basal PR 3Basal Blood Pressure 1Basal BP 2Basal BP3Mean77.07692 79.23077 77.7307 112/70 110/70 107/69Time ( min )036912Systolic120114110117114Time ( min )036912Diastolic7970667772Time ( min )036912Heart Rate71.6970.11569.4470.5670.56Plot 1Plot 2Plot 3DiscussionMy hypothesis for this experiment was that increased desiccation in an person would demo increased blood force per unit areas and bosom rates. I predicted to see a dramatic lessening in these measurings from our basal readings ( dehydrated province ) to the 12 proceedingss after full hydration. After carry oning the experiment and running these t-tests with the collected information, there is important grounds to back up my hypothesis and suggest that hydration is negatively correlated with blood force per unit area and bosom rate. The value of 0.00079 agencies that the consequences of radical bosom rate ( 3 ) measurings correlate with hydration, and the chance of the diminishing tendency happening by opportunity was merely.079 % . Basal systolic blood force per unit area ( 3 ) had a p-value of.04239, and diastolic blood force per unit area at zero proceedingss had a p-value of.04954. The chances that those two occurred by opportunity were both under 5 % . This suggests that those measurings exceptionally declined as a consequence of increased hydration, which provides important grounds to back up my hypothesis. The graphs that depict blood force per unit area versus clip show that, from clip 0 to clip 12, blood force per unit area decreases from a high scope back down to a normal scope. Heart rate and blood force per unit area are, by and large, straight related, therefore my hypothesis should hold been reflected through the t-test computations of all blood force per unit area and bosom rate measurings. The three high p-values that contradict the remainder of the consequences could hold been due to input mistakes on the computing machine ; besides, some informations came up clean upon having the excel spreadsheet, hence some variables were non accounted for. Using the basal measurements we gathered from two hours before get downing this experiment likely skewed the consequences, for these Numberss could non accurately reflect what our force per unit areas and rates were at our most dehydrated province of the experiment ( right before imbibing ) . Another survey has been done to prove hydration and blood force per unit area, and the consequences show that hydration is straight related to lower resting blood force per unit area ( Patterson and Spinks 2002 ) . This survey ‘s t-test values were exhaustively important plenty to reason that the relationship between blood force per unit area and hydration is strongly, negatively correlated with one another ; as hydration increased, blood force per unit area decreased. The most of the consequences of our experiment do hold with this survey, chiefly with the significance of the low p-values and overall decision that hydration and blood force per unit area are negatively correlated. One failing in the process that I found to be a beginning of inaccuracy was the usage of basal measurings that we took at a more hydrous province than when we really started the experiment. To genuinely compare blood force per unit area and bosom rates before and after imbibing, we should hold re-measured basal rates under the most dehydrated province possible, right before we began to imbibe. Another possible failing in process was maintaining the volume of H2O invariable for every pupil. We do non cognize how much every one drank, precisely, hence consequences could hold been affected by deficient fluid ingestion and eventual rehydration. This experiment has led to the decision that hydration affects blood force per unit area and bosom rate ; from a dehydrated status, blood force per unit area and bosom rate by and large decrease as hydration additions.Literature CitedCastaneda-Bueno M, and Gamba G. Feb 2010. SPAKling insight into blood force per unit area ordinance. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2 ( 2 ) : 39-41. James, DCS. Hypertension. FAQs.org. [ Internet ] . [ updated 2010 ] . [ cited 1 February 2010 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.faqs.org/nutrition/Hea-Irr/Hypertension.html. Patterson SM, Spinks DE, and the Society for Psychophysiological Research. 2002. Relationship between hydration sweetening and blood force per unit area: More is better. Psychophysiology. Washington D.C. p 39. Smith GD, Leary S, Ness S, and The ALSPAC Study Team. 2006. Could dehydration in babyhood lead to high blood force per unit area? J Epidemiol Community Health. 60:142-143. Valera B, Dewailly E , and Poirier P. Nov 2009. Environmental Mercury Exposure and Blood Pressure Among Nunavik Inuit Adults. American Heart Association, Inc. 54:981. Weedman D, and Sokoloski ES. 2009. Human Cardiopulmonary Physiology. In: Biology of Organisms: Lab Manual for LIFE103, 5e. Mason, ( OH ) : Cengage Learning. p 173-184.

Clark Review Kaiser Wilhelm II Profiles in Power Series essays

Clark Review Kaiser Wilhelm II Profiles in Power Series essays A Reaction Christopher Clarks work, Kaiser Wilhelm II: Profiles in Power Series, deals with one of the key aspects of twentieth-century Europethe last of the imperial rulers of Germany from 1888 to 1918. Clark details the very interesting story of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the King of Prussia and emperor of Germany. On one hand, it is a biographyplacing him as a man of the time leading up to the First World War, and detailing several (interesting) personal details concerning his relationships within his family (especially with his father and grandfather), as well as indications of his personal flaws (especially the The book is also an intended work of history, detailing the events surrounding his rein as emperor, especially concerning his role in the outbreak of WWI (which Clark characterized as relatively minimal, both because of his desire to avoid war (218), as well as due to his steadily declining influence by 1914.) It is interesting that Clark does take the definite stance that Wilhelm was not a so called "war monger" at the time. To be sure, for the casual reader, the book does not delve into many of the possibly interesting tidbits concerning the Kaiser's philosophies, beliefs, or even details of his life aside from his "duties." For this reason, it is difficult to answer the question that Clark poses as to the "extent" that Wilhelm "can be held responsible for Germany's drift into deepening isolation" before the war. For many the lack of personal detail concerning his philosophy and thinking makes this question difficult to answer, in spite of Clark's description of Wilhelm's apathy concerning the One of the best things about the book is Clark's bringing to the forefront the existence of unanswered questions concerning the Kaiser. ...

What Is a 401k Everything You Need to Know

What Is a 401k Everything You Need to Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you have the option of setting up a 401k plan? Does your employer offer a 401k matching benefit? Are you confused about what these words even mean? Don't worry! We'll explain everything you need to know about these accounts, but, first, what is a 401k, exactly? A 401k is a retirement savings account sponsored by an employer and designed by the government to give you tax benefits on your savings. Your money quietly grows until the time you can withdraw it in your late 50s. This guide will explain exactly what a 401k does, what you can and can't do with it, how to put money in it, and how it can set you up for a financially secure retirement. For anyone new to the world of 401k plans, let’s start with a quick review of terms. Saving for Retirement Terms: A Glossary Here are some terms you’ll see throughout the guide and a brief working definition of each: 401k: an employer-sponsored retirement account that allows your money to grow over time. Your company has to offer it, and it chooses the rules. Traditional 401k: this is the most common 401k account. You contribute money before it is taxed. Then, you pay taxes on your money when you withdraw after age 59 1/2 (or 55 if you've retired). Roth 401k: this is a newer 401k account where you contribute money that’s already been taxed. You don’t have to pay taxes later when you withdraw. IRA: this stands for Individual Retirement Account. An IRA doesn’t have to be employer-sponsored. You can transfer your 401k money into an IRA in the event you lose your job or your company goes under. Brokerage account: another option for investing your money independently. A brokerage account doesn’t offer the same tax benefits as a 401k or IRA, but your stock options are unlimited. Employer matching: many employers will match all or some of your yearly contributions to your 401k. Free money! While Roth 401k’s are gaining in popularity, most of us will still be offered a traditional 401k through our company. Therefore, we'll start by going more into detail about traditional accounts to answer our million dollar question: what is a 401k plan? Employer matching is the best. With both you and your company contributing to your nest egg, it can grow quite large over time. What Is a 401k? A 401k is an employer-sponsored retirement savings account. Not all employers offer 401ks, but those who do determine how it works. For instance, the employer chooses the various funds that make up your 401k portfolio. Since your employer has to offer it, you can't set up a solo 401k on your own. If you decide to open a 401k account, you’ll typically contribute money to it automatically each month or year. If so inclined, your company may match your contributions anywhere from 25% to 100% (some companies even go beyond 100% for the highest paid employees). Some 401k companies start by matching a small percentage of your contribution and increase this percentage the longer you work for them. There are lots of ways you can save money for retirement, including establishing an IRA or brokerage account or collecting bills in an old coffee jar. What are the advantages of putting money into a 401k as compared to these other methods? What Are the Advantages of a 401k? There are several advantages to a 401k, as well as a few limitations. Let’s start with the benefits. #1: Tax Benefits 401k plans allow your money to grow untaxed. Traditional 401ks let you contribute pre-taxed money. When you eventually withdraw the money, that’s when you’ll pay taxes on it. Roth 401k plans have you contribute already taxed money. When you take it out, you don’t have to pay any taxes on it. IRA and Roth IRA accounts also have tax advantages, but they often set restrictive limits on how much money you can contribute per year. Some only allow you to put in $5,500 a year, while 401k plans, as you'll read below, allow you to put up to $18,000, or even more if you're including an employer match. In a brokerage account that you can set up independently of an employer, your money would be taxed twice. In a 401k (traditional or Roth), your money is only ever taxed once. This tax set-up is a big benefit of 401k accounts. #2: Annual Compound Growth The second advantage of putting your money into a 401k as opposed to say, a coffee jar, is that it allows your money to grow over time. Thanks to the power of compounding interest, you could see your money grow significantly over decades. If you contribute $5,000 per year when you’re 25 and your money grows at a 5% annual rate, for example, then you would have an additional $30,000 more than you would if you started contributing ten years later. You’ll see significantly more money the earlier you start saving. You could bury your savings in your backyard, but the only thing your money would grow is mold. #3: Employer Matching Some, but not all, employers will match a percentage of your annual contributions. Employer match is essentially free money! Unless you really can’t afford it, you should strive to get the full employer match you can per year to make the most of this offer. #4: High Contribution Limits As mentioned above, 401k plans also have higher contribution limits than some independent retirement accounts. Some IRAs only let you put about $5,500 a year, while 401k limits are set at about $18,000, depending on the year. That limit doesn’t include any matching contributions made by your employer, so you could actually put a lot more per year into your 401k. We’ll get into the exact numbers below. All in all, 401ks are appealing because they offer significant tax advantages for your retirement savings, allow your money to grow over time, and they may involve significant contributions from your employer. That being said, there are some 401k limits that you should know about. Below are the three main limitations. What Are the Limitations of a 401k? Since your company offers the 401k plan, it also sets up certain rules and regulations. For instance, your employer chooses the stock options that make up the 401k. While you might have unlimited options with a brokerage account, you may only have a few with your 401k. This can actually be an advantage for some people, who would rather take a more hands-off approach to how their money gets invested. Secondly, some employers put in place a â€Å"forfeit law.† If you get laid off and have less than a certain amount of money in your 401k, then you don’t get that money back. Your company will set this amount and the details of any forfeit law. Make sure to ask whether or not your company has one. Finally, some companies also require you to work with them for a minimum number of years before you’re fully â€Å"vested† and can retain their matching contributions. If you leave or lose your job before that time, you can still keep your own savings, but any employer match contributions will disappear. Now that you know the advantages and limitations of a 401k, what do you have to do to set one up? Do you choose your investments, or does the company decide for you? Continuing with the nest egg metaphor, do you have to build the basket where your savings eggs will grow? What Steps Should You Take to Set Up Your 401k Plan? The first step in establishing your 401k plan is signing up with your employer. Typically, your employer or an HR professional should go over the steps with you when you get hired. If you chose not to sign up when you first started working at the company, you can still speak to your employer about how to sign up now. As you fill out the requisite paperwork, you’ll decide how much money you want to contribute. You can increase or decrease this amount if your circumstances change, but you won’t be able to withdraw money once you’ve deposited it (before retirement age) without a penalty. Once you’ve opened your account, you can take an active investing approach or put the 401k on autopilot. As mentioned above, your employer will choose the stock options, and you can choose how your money gets distributed among them. The majority of people, though, simply go with a â€Å"target-date† fund. With a target-date fund, you set the date you might retire, say, 2050, and the 401k does the rest. You won’t have to design your portfolio; instead, the account itself will adjust how your assets are allocated over time. If you do decide to take a more active approach, a good rule of thumb to follow is to have a diversified portfolio that can ride out the ups and downs in the market. With a diversified portfolio, you can help make sure that your savings will grow over time. While the amount of money you can afford to contribute to your 401k varies by individual, there are certain limits in place. Read on for the 401k contribution limits in 2016. How Much Money Can You Contribute to Your 401k? There are 401 k limits that determine how much money you can contribute to your account per year. These 401k contribution limits fluctuate a bit over time along with inflation. As of 2016, people under 50 could put in up to $18,000 per year. People over 50 could put in $24,000. The additional $6,000 is considered a â€Å"catch up† contribution for those who didn’t max out their limits in earlier years. Any company matching doesn’t count toward this 401k limit. The maximum combined contribution (yours plus your company match) can go up to $53,000. A good rule of thumb is to invest about 10% of your annual income, if possible. If you have employer matching, then you should also strive to get the biggest match contributions you can. Besides 401k limits, there are also rules about when you can take money out of your 401k. Read on to learn when you can make a 401k withdrawal. If you withdraw your money early to buy a four-day Bonnaroo ticket, you’ll pay a steep penalty. Better to let it sit until you retire. When Can You Get Your Money Out of a 401k? You can take money out of your traditional 401k starting when you’re 59 1/2 (regardless of whether you've retired or not) OR if you retire at age 55 or higher. If you try 401k withdrawal before that time, then you’ll incur a hefty 10% penalty fee. So far, everything discussed applies mainly to traditional 401k accounts. They let you contribute pre-taxed money and have penalties for withdrawing money before you reach a certain age. There is one other kind of 401k with different rules and regulations called a Roth 401k. Read on to learn more about a Roth 401k and how it differs from the traditional 401k accounts that most employers offer. The main difference between a traditional 401k and a Roth 401k has to do with when you pay the tax man. What Is a Roth 401k? In addition to a traditional 401k, some companies also offer a Roth 401k. A Roth 401k has a few differences from a traditional 401k. The most important difference is that a Roth 401k has you contribute money after it’s been taxed. When you withdraw money from the account later, you won’t have to pay taxes on it. The second difference has to do with 401k withdrawal rules. A Roth 401k plan lets you take out your money at any time without penalty after you’ve held the account for five years. You won’t have to pay a 10% penalty as you would on a traditional plan for Roth 401k withdrawal before a certain age or retirement. If your employer offers both traditional and Roth 401k options, which one should you choose? Traditional 401k vs. Roth 401k: Which One’s Better? If your employer offers both a traditional 401 k and a Roth 401k, then you have to decide which one to choose or, alternatively, whether to set up both types. Essentially, you want to figure out which type of 401k will help you save the largest amount of money in the long run. There are also some psychological factors that come into play. #1: Do You Want to Be Taxed Now or Later? As you read above, a traditional 401k taxes your money later while a Roth 401k taxes your money now. If you’re young, not making a lot of money, and not currently getting taxed highly, then a Roth 401k might be the preferable option. While you won’t be putting as much money into the account initially, you will be able to leave your money for many years to grow. If you’re older, make a high paycheck, and are in a high tax bracket, then you might want to go with a traditional 401k. That way, your money will be taxed when you retire and are in presumably a lower tax bracket than you are presently. Both traditional and 401k plans have great tax benefits. You should just need to decide which would benefit you more. #2: How Is Your Financial Self-Control? Beside figuring out the tax situation, there’s a self-control factor to think about. If you need all the money in your traditional 401k, then you’ll want to set aside other savings to pay the eventual large tax bill. Will you be able to set aside money to pay taxes later, or at least plan around the large chunk of your savings that will get taken away by taxes when you retire? On the flip side, if you open up a Roth 401k, will you have the self-control not to withdraw any of your savings after the five-year mark when you can withdraw penalty-free? Besides weighing the tax benefits, you should ask yourself these questions to figure out which option is better. Finally, you might not decide not to choose between them at all and instead opt for both types of accounts. Should You Choose Both a Traditional and Roth 401k? Some financial advisors suggest going with both a traditional 401k and a Roth 401k if you have the option. You don’t actually have to choose one or the other, but instead, can split your savings between the two. Going with both is similar to diversifying your stock portfolio to reduce risk. We can’t know what tax laws will come into play in the future, so choosing both a traditional and Roth 401k is a way to hedge your bets. Now that you know the ins and outs of both traditional 401ks and Roth 401ks, let’s go over the essential points that you need to remember about saving for retirement. What Is a 401k? Just the Essentials These are the key points you need to remember about a 401 k plan: A 401k is a retirement savings account that some employers offer. You can contribute a certain amount per year, and your employee might match your contributions (free money!) In a traditional 401k, your money is taxed when you withdraw, not now. In a Roth 401k, your money is taxed now, not when you withdraw. 401k tax policies are superior to those of brokerage accounts, where your money is taxed twice. Your money will grow over time thanks to the power of compounding interest. Start early to have the most amount of money saved for retirement! Now that you have a better understanding of what HR is talking about during new employee orientation, how should you proceed? Should you join in on the 401k fun? With a 401k, you can predict the future, at least the financial part. Should You Contribute to a 401k? Magic 8 ball says, â€Å"Most likely!† Unless you can’t cover your living needs, there’s no reason not to set aside some money for Future You. She’ll really appreciate it. Of course, your employer has to offer a 401k plan. If your company doesn't offer 401k benefits, then you can't set up a solo 401k. You could instead save money for retirement in an IRA, Roth IRA, or brokerage account. If you do have the option of a 401k, a good rule of thumb is to invest as much money as you can, perhaps about 10% of your income. If possible, try to max out any employer matching benefits so you get the most money you can from your employer toward your retirement savings. Start early to maximize the power of compounding growth. 401k accounts offer a simple, hands-off approach to saving for retirement. With just a little paperwork and rearranging of your daily expenses, you can save for retirement and reap huge financial benefits in your golden years.

Biography of Edward R. Murrow, Broadcast News Pioneer

Biography of Edward R. Murrow, Broadcast News Pioneer Edward R. Murrow was an American journalist and broadcaster who became widely known as an authoritative voice reporting the news and providing intelligent insights. His radio broadcasts from London during World War II brought the war home to America, and his pioneering television career, especially during the McCarthy Era, established his reputation as a trusted source of news. Murrow has been widely credited with establishing high standards for broadcast journalism. Before ultimately leaving his position as a television journalist after repeated clashes with network executives, he criticized the broadcasting industry for not taking full advantage of televisions potential to inform the public. Fast Facts: Edward R. Murrow Full Name: Edward  Egbert Roscoe  MurrowKnown For: One of the most highly respected journalists of the 20th century, he set the standard for broadcasting the news, starting with his dramatic reports from wartime London through the beginning of the television eraBorn: April 25, 1908 near Greensboro, North CarolinaDied: April 27, 1965 in Pawling, New YorkParents: Roscoe Conklin Murrow and Ethel F. MurrowSpouse: Janet Huntington BrewsterChildren: Casey MurrowEducation: Washington State UniversityMemorable Quotation: We are not descended from fearful men... Early Life and Career Edward R. Murrow was born near Greensboro, North Carolina, on April 25, 1908. The family moved to the Pacific Northwest in 1913, and Murrow went on to attend Washington State University while working summers in lumber camps in Washington state. Edward R. Murrow, his wife, Janet, and son, Casey, as they returned from abroad on the S.S. United States. Bettmann / Getty Images In 1935, after working in the education field, he joined the Columbia Broadcasting System, one of the nations leading radio networks. At the time, radio networks would fill out their schedules by airing talks by academic and experts in various fields, and cultural events such as classical music concerts. Murrows job was to seek out suitable people to appear on the radio. The work was interesting, and became even more so when, in 1937, CBS dispatched Murrow to London to find talent in England and across Europe. Wartime Reporting From London In 1938, when Hitler began moving toward war by annexing Austria to Germany, Murrow found himself becoming a reporter. He traveled to Austria in time to see Nazi soldiers enter Vienna. His eyewitness account appeared on the air in America, and he became known as an authority on the unfolding events in Europe. Murrows war coverage became legendary in 1940, when he reported on the radio as he watched aerial battles over London during the Battle of Britain. Americans in their living rooms and kitchens listened attentively to Murrows dramatic reports of London being bombed. When America entered the war, Murrow was perfectly situated to report on the military buildup in Britain. He reported from airfields as American bombers began to arrive, and he even flew along on bombing missions so he could describe the action to the radio audience in America. Up until that time, news presented on the radio had been something of a novelty. Announcers who typically performed other tasks, such as playing records, would also read news reports on the air. Some notable events, such as the airship Hindenburg crashing and burning while attempting to land, had been carried live on the air. But the announcers who described the events were typically not career journalists. CBS correspondent Edward R. Murrow at his typewriter in London during World War II.   Bettmann / Getty Images Murrow changed the nature of broadcast news. Besides reporting on major events, Murrow set up a CBS bureau in London and recruited young men who would become the networks star crew of war correspondents. Eric Sevareid, Charles Collingwood, Howard K. Smith, and Richard Hottelet were among the correspondents who became familiar names to millions of Americans following the war in Europe over the radio. When network executives complained to him that some of the correspondents did not have great voices for radio, Murrow said they were hired as reporters first, not announcers. Throughout the war in Europe the group who became known as The Murrow Boys reported extensively. Following the D-Day invasion CBS radio reporters traveled with American troops as they advanced across Europe, and listeners back home were able to hear firsthand reports of combat as well as interviews with participants in recently concluded battles. At the end of the war, one of Murrows most memorable broadcasts was when he became one of the first journalists to enter the Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald. He described to his shocked radio audience the piles of bodies he witnessed and he detailed to the American public how the camp had been used as a factory of death. Murrow was criticized for the shocking nature of his report but he refused to apologize for it, stating that the public needed to know of the horrors of the Nazi death camps. Television Pioneer Following World War II, Murrow returned to New York City, where he continued to work for CBS. At first he served as a vice president for network news, but he hated being an administrator and wanted to get back on the air. He returned to broadcasting the news on radio, with a nightly program titled Edward R. Murrow With the News. circa 1953: American broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow (C) sits in a trench with a microphone in his hand, interviewing an African-American US Marine during the Korean War for his CBS television show See It Now, Korea. The company was holding a ridge on the Korean Front.   Hulton Archive / Getty Images In 1949, Murrow, one of the biggest names on radio, made a successful move to the emerging new medium of television. His reporting style and gift for insightful commentary was quickly adapted for the camera and his work during the 1950s would set a standard for news broadcasting. A weekly program hosted by Murrow on radio, Hear It Now, moved to television as See It Now. The program essentially created the genre of in-depth television reporting, and Murrow became a familiar and trusted presence in American living rooms. Murrow and McCarthy On March 9, 1954, an episode of See It Now became historic as Murrow took on the powerful and bullying senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy. Showing clips of McCarthy as he made baseless accusations about supposed communists, Murrow exposed McCarthys tactics and essentially exposed the bombastic senator as a fraud conducting pointless witch hunts. Murrow concluded the broadcast with a commentary that resonated deeply. He condemned McCarthys behavior, and then continued: We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. We will not walk in fear, one of another. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men, not from men who feared to write, to speak, to associate and to defend causes that were for the moment unpopular. This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy’s methods to keep silent, nor for those who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history but we cannot escape responsibility for the result. The broadcast was viewed by a vast audience and was widely praised. And it no doubt helped to turn public opinion against McCarthy and led to his eventual downfall. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, appearing on a television screen during his filmed reply to Columbia Broadcasting System newscaster Edward R. Murrow, tells a coast to coast audience (April 6th), that Murrow as far back as twenty years ago, was engaged in propaganda for Communist causes. The Wisconsin Republican was answering Murrows anti-McCarthy Program of March 9th. McCarthy called Murrowa symbolthe leader and the cleverest of the jackal pack which is always found at the throat of anyone who dares to expose Communists and traitors. Murrow labeled the Senators attack as a typical tactic of attempting to tie up to Communism, anyone who disagrees with him.   Bettmann  / Getty Images Disillusionment With Broadcasting Murrow continued working for CBS, and his See It Now program remained on the air until 1958. Though he was a major presence in the broadcasting business, he had become disillusioned with television in general. During the run of See It Now he had often clashed with his bosses at CBS, and he believed network executives across the industry were squandering the opportunity to inform and educate the public. In October 1958, he gave a speech to a group of network executives and broadcasters gathered in Chicago in which he laid out his criticisms of the medium. He argued that the public was reasonable and mature and could handle controversial material as long as it was presented fairly and responsibly. Before leaving CBS, Murrow participated in a documentary, Harvest of Shame, which detailed the plight of migrant farm workers. The program, which aired on the day after Thanksgiving in 1960, was controversial and focused attention on the issue of poverty in America. Kennedy Administration President Kennedy speaks to a group of newscasters, thanking them for making their facilities available during the recent Cuban missile crisis. Broadcaster and United States Information Agency director Edward Murrow stands to his side. Bettmann / Getty Images In 1961, Murrow left broadcasting and took a job in the new administration of John F. Kennedy, as director of the U.S. Information Agency. The job shaping Americas image abroad during the Cold War was considered important, and Murrow took it seriously. He was praised for restoring the morale and prestige of the agency, which had been tarnished during the McCarthy Era. But he often felt conflicted about his role as government propagandist as opposed to independent journalist. Death and Legacy A heavy smoker, often depicted on television with a cigarette in his hand, Murrow began to suffer severe health problems which caused him to resign from the government in 1963. Diagnosed with lung cancer, he had a lung removed and was in and out of hospitals until his death on April 27, 1965. Murrows death was front-page news, and tributes poured in from President Lyndon Johnson and other political figures. Many broadcast journalists have pointed to him as an inspiration. The industry group Murrow addressed in 1958 with his critique of the broadcasting industry later established the Edward R. Murrow Awards for excellence in broadcast journalism. Sources: Edward R. Murrow, Broadcaster and Ex-Chief of U.S.I.A., Dies. New York Times, 28 April, 1965. p. 1.Edward Roscoe Murrow. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 11, Gale, 2004, pp. 265-266. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Goodbody, Joan T. Murrow, Edward Roscoe. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960s, edited by William L. ONeill and Kenneth T. Jackson, vol. 2, Charles Scribners Sons, 2003, pp. 108-110. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Murrow, Edward R. Television in American Society Reference Library, edited by Laurie Collier Hillstrom and Allison McNeill, vol. 3: Primary Sources, UXL, 2007, pp. 49-63. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Online Assistance for Social and Natural Sciences Students with APA Format

Online Assistance for Social and Natural Sciences Students with APA Format APA stands for American Psychological Association, which is the largest scientific professional organization of psychologists in North America. The association has developed its own formatting style, which is called APA and is mostly used when writing essays, research papers in social natural sciences. If you experience any difficulties with APA formatting request help from our professionals! Most current document governing the APA style is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition. The manual is available on the APA website; furthermore, there is plenty information available online. APA REFERENCING TOOL Writing an essay and formatting it to match APA style is the most frequent question students ask us. Unlike the MLA formatting, APA is used in social natural sciences; naturally, a formatting style will inevitably differ from MLA. One of the major differences is paper structure. APA style essay should consist of 4 major sections: title page, abstract, main body references. For more serious APA style publications the structure will be somewhat different and will include: Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References, and Appendices. This article is going to deal with such aspects of essay formatting as paper, title page, font, formatting, numbering, spacing, indentation, heading, citation, and references.  Here you can see a detailed formatting of the APA cover page. Paper.  Your essay should be typed on clean, white sheet of A4 paper (8.5†x11†). Use one-inch margins on all sides. Title Page.  This is one of the mandatory parts of your essay. Include the phrase ‘Running head:’ and type your paper title. Flush left.  Press Enter eight times and write your title again, include your first last name, your teaching institution your professor. Center this block of text. Numbering.  Your paper should be numbered consecutively, starting from page 1. Page numbers should be placed in the upper right-hand corner. Spacing.  Use double space throughout your essay. Indentation.  Paragraphs should be indented. Press TAB once. Paragraphs.  Indent paragraphs. Flush left. Headings.  Headings should be centered and capitalized. Citation.  Basic in-text citation narrows down to Author-Year style, for example: The economic situation in most countries is forcing government departments to embrace change in order to survive (Gravenhorst, 2003). Brunes Jackson (2001) argue that success rates of organizational change efforts, however, have been found to be very low. References.  References come at the end of your paper. Once you are done writing, start a new page and title it ‘References’. Center your text. From a new line, list your references. Sort alphabetically. Your references will look like this: DiFonzo, N. (2013). 10 Rumors during organizational change: a motivational analysis. The Psychology of Organizational Change: Viewing Change from the Employees Perspective, 232. The good news about APA referencing is that it is fully automatic now. has created a special APA referencing machine that automatically creates references based on the information you specify. At the end it allows you to download the references file as a separate file that you can simply attach to your paper or essay. Formatting your essay to APA style is a great example of works that can be outsourced to professionals who work at ! We have hundreds of writers who are experts on APA style, they will save you time if you request formatting assistance from them. APA formatting can be ordered as a part of editing proofreading services at .